Savremena književnost ruskih Nemaca: problem tradicije

Abstract

Doktorska teza "Savremena književnost ruskih Nemaca: problem tradicije" posvećena je problemu pojma "tradicije" u savremenoj književnosti ruskih Nemaca na materijalima dela Olega Klinga (priča "Stvarni pejzaž"), Aleksandara Rajzera (priča "Staro Jevanđelje od Jovana"), Huga Vormsbehera (priča "Naše dvorište"). Svrha detaljne analize ovih radova je potvrđivanje postojeće nacionalne književne tradicije u književnosti ruskih Nemaca. U prvom delu doktorske teze prikazuje se istorija izučavanja pojma "tradicije" u književnoj kritici. Analiza ovog pojma pokazuje da nema jasnu i nedvosmislenu interpretaciju u nauci u ovom trenutku. Mnogi naučnici su koristili ovaj koncept tokom XX veka, i nastavljaju da ga koriste početkom XXI veka. Međutim, tumačenje termina svaki put dobija drugačiji karakter i uglavnom se ne poklapa sa stavovima drugih naučnika. To jest, mnogi naučnici posmatraju koncept "tradicije" samo kroz kategoriju uzastopnih veza, i tvrde da može da postoji u književnosti samo u prisustvu direktnog kontakta između pisaca (tzv. mentorstvo) ili između pisca i dela njegovih prethodnika. Dakle, otuda i veliki broj radova posvećenih uticaju jednog pisca6 na dela drugog. Često književni kritičari pokušavaju da dokažu da među piscima postoji direktan ili indirektan kontakt. Takođe, u mnogim studijama samo je formalno navedeno postojanje uticaja tradicije na autora određene nacionalne književnosti. U tom slučaju, koncept "tradicije" se smatra kao nešto što se podrazumeva, i nije tretiran od strane istraživača, usled čega se gubi svaki smisao takvog istraživanja. Autor teze je predložio precizan pojam: "nacionalna književna tradicija", koji se zasniva na kategoriji kulturnog sećanja naroda. Mi ne možemo uvek govoriti (ili dokazati) o postojećem uticaju jednih autora na druge. Na primeru književnosti ruskih Nemaca u radu pokazano je kako istorija književnosti može u potpunosti da se prekine i ponovo oživi. Na taj način se potpuno gubi veza između pisaca. Ali, književna tradicija ponovo i ponovo oživljava. Za proučavanje ovog fenomena u radu koristi se upravo pojam "nacionalna književna tradicija". U drugom delu teze detaljno se analiziraju umetnička dela Olega Klinga, Aleksandara Rajzera i Huga Vormsbehera. Autor teze identifikuje i analizira specifične za nacionalnu književnu tradiciju ruskih Nemaca sliku domovine, sliku rodne kuće, sliku majke, motiv religije, motiv maternjeg nemačkog jezika. U trećem delu teze ispituje se književni lik Sibira u delima pisaca - ruskih Nemaca, i sprovodi se detaljna analiza sa stanovišta7 nacionalne književne tradicije. Na osnovu sprovedene analize u tezi zaključuje se da književnost ruskih Nemaca ima svoju nacionalnu književnu tradiciju i da se s punim pravom može svrstati u petu nemačku književnost u svetu.

Doctoral thesis "Modern Literature of the Russian Germans: the problem of tradition" is dedicated to problematizing the concept of "tradition" in the contemporary literature of the Russian Germans on the works of Oleg Kling (story "Nonfictional landscape"), Alexander Reiser (story " The Old Gospel of John "), Hugo Vormsbehera (the story "Our yard"). The purpose of a detailed analysis of these works is to confirm the existing its own national literary tradition in the literature of the Russian Germans. In the first part of the doctoral thesis, the history of the study of the concept of "tradition" in literary criticism is examined in detail. Analysis of this concept shows that it does not have a clear and unambiguous interpretation in science at the moment. Many scientists used this concept throughout the XX century and continue to use it at the beginning of the 21st century. However each time the interpretation of this term acquires a different character and largely does not coincide with the opinion of other scientists. In particular many scholars consider the concept of "tradition" only through the category of successive links and declare that it can exist9 in literature only if there is direct contact between writers (so-called mentoring) or between a writer and the work of his predecessors. Hence many works devoted to the influence of one writer on the work of another. Every time literary scholars try to prove that there has been fulltime or correspondence contact between writers. Also in many works only formally declared the existence of the influence of tradition on the author of a certain national literature. In this case the concept of "tradition" is regarded as a matter of course and is not generally interpreted by the researcher, as a result of which any meaning of such research is lost. The author of the thesis proposed an expanded concept of "national literary tradition", based on the categories of cultural memory of the people. We can not always say (or prove) the existing influence of some authors on others. On the example of the literature of the Russian Germans, the work shows how the history of literature can repeatedly be completely interrupted and reborn again. At the same time, contact between writers is completely lost. But the literary tradition re-emerges again and again. For the investigation of this phenomenon, the term "national literary tradition" is used in the work. In the second part of the thesis works by Oleg Kling, Alexander Raiser, Hugo Wormsbacher are analyzed in detail. The author of the dissertation has identified and analyzed the image of the homeland, the image of the native home, the image of the mother, the motif of religion, the motive of the native German language which is typical for the Russian literary tradition of Russian Germans. The third part of the thesis examines the literary image of Siberia in the works of writers - Russian Germans and conducts a detailed analysis from the point of view of the national literary tradition. On the basis of the analysis carried out in the dissertation is concluded that the literature of Russian Germans has its own national literary tradition and with full rights is the fifth German literature in the world.