ɍɇɂȼȿɊɁɂɌȿɌ ɍȻȿɈȽɊȺȾɍ ɉɊȺȼɇɂɎȺɄɍɅɌȿɌ ɉɪɟɞɪɚɝȼɊɚɨɫɚɜʂɟɜɢʄ ɉɊȺȼɈȾɊɀȺȼ( ɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍ ɍɋȼȳȿɌɅɍɆȿȭɍɇȺɊɈȾɇȿɉɊȺɄɋȿ ɞɨɤɬɨɪɫɤɚɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɚ Ȼɟɨɝɪɚɞ, 2012 UNIVERSITY OF BELGRADE LAW SCHOOL Predrag V. Raosavljevic RIGHT OF STATE TO SELF-DEFENSE IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE PhD thesis Belgrade, 2012 Ɇɟɧɬɨɪ ɩɪɨɮɞɪɆɢɥɟɧɤɨɄɪɟʄɚ ɑɥɚɧɨɜɢɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɞɪɆɢɥɟɧɤɨɄɪɟʄɚ ɞɨɰɞɪȻɨʁɚɧɆɢɥɢɫɚɜʂɟɜɢʄ ɞɨɰɞɪɆɢɥɚɧɉɚɥɟɜɢʄ ɈɋɇɈȼɇɂɉɈȾȺɐɂɈȾɂɋȿɊɌȺɐɂȳɂ ɇȺɋɅɈȼȾɂɋȿɊɌȺɐɂȳȿ ɉɊȺȼɈȾɊɀȺȼ(ɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍ ɍɋȼȳȿɌɅɍɆȿȭɍɇȺɊɈȾɇȿɉɊȺɄɋȿ ɊȿɁɂɆȿ ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ. Ɉɜɨ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ, ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɪɚɞɨɜɢ ɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɢɡɪɚɞɢ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ. ɉɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɰɢʁɟɥɭɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɜɚɧ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɜɭɱɟɫɜɨʁɟɤɨɪɢʁɟɧɟɢɡɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚɍɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɢɫɪɟɞʃɟɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɞɨɛɚɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɜɟɡɚɨɫɟɡɚɬɟɨɪɢʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɢɦɚɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɧɚɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɦɚɍɩɟɢɨɞɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɚɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɚɪɚɬɚɢɞɚʂɟɧɢʁɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɩɚʁɟɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɛɢɨ ɜɟɡɚɧɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɤɪɨɡɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɪɟɬɨɪɡɢʁɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟɛɥɨɤɚɞɟɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɢɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟɫɢɥɟ ɁɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɨɞɩɟɪɢɨɞɚȾɪɭɲɬɜɚɧɚɪɨɞɚɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɟɦɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧʁɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚʁɟɪʁɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ– ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ– ɤɨʁɢɛɢɢɦɚɨɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɟɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɤɚɞɚʁɟɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɑɥɚɧɨɦ ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨʁɟɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɞɪɠɚɜɭɱɥɚɧɢɰɭɍɇ-ɚɈɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɫɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦɫɜɟɞɨɤɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɈɞɫɜɨɝɚɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚɞɨɞɚɧɚɫ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɦɧɨɝɨɩɭɬɚɛɢɨɫɭɨɱɟɧɫɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦɫɢɥɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɚɩɨɡɢɜɨɦɧɚɱɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɂɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɢɫɭɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɬɨɤɨɦ-ɝɨɞɢɲʃɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟɤɨʁɢɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɢɥɢɭɫɬɪɭʁɭɫɬɚɜɨɜɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɚɨɢɨɞɥɭɤɟɢɥɢɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɁɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɨɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɱɟɲʄɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɭɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ. ɍ ɨɜɨɦɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɢɪɚɧɟɫɭɫɭɞɫɤɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɭɫɜɢɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚɝɞʁɟʁɟɩɪɚɜɧɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚɱɥɚɧɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɫɩɨɪɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɂɚɤɨɫɭɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭɨɞɥɭɤɟɋɭɞɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɫɚɦɨɡɚɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɢɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɞɚɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɭʃɢɯɨɜɡɧɚɱɚʁɢɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɚɩɪɚɤɫɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɚɨɢɧɚɞɪɭɝɟɫɭɞɫɤɟɢɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟʁɟɞɨɛɪɨɩɨɡɧɚɬɬɚɤɨɞɚɫɜɚɤɚɨɞɥɭɤɚɫɭɞɚɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɨʁɞɟɛɚɬɢɨɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ. ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɝɨɪɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɧɨʁɟɞɚɫɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɫɦɢʁɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢɫɚɦɨɭɡɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɌɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɜɟɡɚɧɚɫɭɡɚɩɢɬɚʃɟɬɟɠɢɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɭɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɧɚɩɚɞɚɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɤɚɨɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɋɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɡɦʁɟɧɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɚɥɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚɤɪɨɡɩɪɨɰɟɫɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɂɚɤɨʁɟɋɭɞɡɚɭɡɟɨɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɨɱɥɚɧɧɚɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɢʁɢɧɚɱɢɧɭ ɩɨɝɟɥɞɭɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɞɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɦɨɪɚɩɨɬɢɰɚɬɢɨɞɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɍɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨ ɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɢɥɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢɬɚɤɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɭɞɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ ɧɨɪɦɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɂɚɤɨʁɟɫɜɚɤɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɚɞɚɭɫɤɪɚɬɢɫɥɚʃɟɨɪɭɠʁɚɞɪɭɝɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɢɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɬɟɡɚ ɞɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɤɨʁɢɧɚɦɟʄɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ʉɪɨɡ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɤɨʁɢɦɚɫɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɪɭɤɨɜɨɞɢɤɚɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɞɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɧɟɤɭɨɞ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɢɡ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ  ɢ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɍ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ, ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨ ɧɟɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɭɤɥɚɩɚʁɭ ɭ ɧɨɪɦɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɋɥɢʁɟɩɨ ɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢɦ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɧɚɱɟɥɚ. Ɍɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɧɚ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɭ: ɭɪɭɲɟɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɠɟʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ ɜɟɫɬɮɚɥɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɨ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ (ɛɚɪ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɦɚ). Ⱦɚɤɥɟ, ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɚɧ ɩɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ʁɟɪ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ. ɄȴɍɑɇȿɊɂȳȿɑɂ ɱɥɚɧ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɫɭɤɨɛ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɇȺɍɑɇȺɈȻɅȺɋɌ ɉɪɚɜɨ ɍɀȺɇȺɍɑɇȺɈȻɅȺɋɌ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɨ ɍȾɄȻɊɈȳ 341.213:340.12(100)(043.3) BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT PHD THESIS TITLE: RIGHT OF STATE TO SELF-DEFENSE IN LIGHT OF INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE SUMMARY: Question of right of states to self-defense is one of the fundamental questions of public international law. This principle, which exists just as long as public international law does, was formulated in universal manner by the mid 20th century and there are many written works on its formulation and interpretation. Invoking self-defense during the course of history was used as a pretext for the use of force by the states outside of its territories. Right of states to self-defense originates from customary international law. During antic and medieval times, principle of self-defense was linked to the theory of just war which was differently interpreted in different times. In the period between two world wars, still there was no absolute prohibition of the use of force in international relations so the principle of self-defense was linked to the right of self-help through use of different forcible measures: retorsions, reprisals, naval blockade, intervention and demonstration of naval power. Contrary to the period of League of Nations, mechanism of implementation of international law was centralized by the foundation of the United Nations because a single body – Security Council – was entrusted with the authority to determine when the use of force is allowed in international law. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter defines that the states have a right to individual or collective self-defense in case of armed attack on the UN member state. This right is considered legitimate until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Since its foundation to this date, Security Council was faced many times with cases of use of force by the states invoking Article 51 of the UN Charter. Those examples that best illustrate positions of the states and the decisions or reactions of the Security Council during 60 years practice have been described. Contrary to the Security Council, participation of the International Court of Justice in the debate about right to self-defense has been rather limited. This Chapter offers the analysis of the court decisions in all cases where right to self-defense and implementation of the Article 51 of the UN Charter have been the questions in the dispute between the states. Although, Court decisions, in principle, are binding only for individual case and for the parties in the concrete dispute, their significance and influence on the practice of the states, as well as on the other court or arbitration decisions is well known, so that every Court decision can serve as a guidance in the existing debate related to the right to self- defense. Based on the above-mentioned analysis, it is evident that right to self-defense in international relations can be exercised only with certain restrictions. These restrictions relate to the question of the gravity of the attack, necessity to act in self-defense, proportionality between the attack and the self-defense, temporal connection between the attack and the self-defense and restrictions regarding exercise of collective self-defense. Faced with the threats from non-state actors, international community did not formally amended the rules from the Charter, but it did reshape them through process of interpretation. Although Court took restrictive position with regard to elements that justify the use of force in self-defense, examples have been described where Security Council interpreted Article 51 in a more flexible manner with respect to requirement that armed attack must originate from another state. In cases where states act unilaterally and decide to use the force against terrorist organizations or other non-state actors, such actions cause condemnation by the international community and do not evolve into norms of international law. Although every state is at liberty to withhold the supply of arms to another state, there is a proposition that the mandatory arms embargo, imposed by the Security Council, jeopardizes right of state to self-defense. Through analysis of different cases, criteria are established that serve as a guidance to the Security Council when it decides to apply some of the measures foreseen in Articles 40 and 41 of the UN Charter, in order to maintain international peace and security. At the present time, use of force has become more complex and is realized in many unconventional ways which hardly fit norms of international law. Strict adherence to the system of states seems inadequate to respond to all questions that may arise while implementing this principle. Traditional doctrine does not provide adequate answers to the realities of conflicts which are, among else, today characterized by: failed states, non- state actors, surpassing or abandoning Westphalian concept of sovereignty of states (at least according to some authors). Therefore, question of right of states to self-defense is one of the classical concepts of public international law but concept which is dynamic by its nature because it follows the fate of the development of international law in general. KEY WORDS: Article 51 right to self-defense armed conflict use of force Security Council International Court of Justice FIELD OF STUDY: Law SPECIFIC FIELD OF STUDY: Public International Law UDC No. 341.213:340.12(100)(043.3) ---------- „Ⱥɤɨɫɟɨɞɪɟɤɧɟɦɨɩɪɚɜɚɫɜɟɩɨɫɬɚʁɟɧɟɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨ“ - Grotius, De iure belli ac pacis ---------- ---------- ÄȽɞʁɟɡɚɤɨɧɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟɬɢɪɚɧɢʁɚɩɨɱɢʃɟ³ - ɧɚɬɩɢɫɧɚɡɝɪɚɞɢɆɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɋȺȾ-ɚ Pennsylvania Avenue, Washington DC ---------- ɋȺȾɊɀȺȳ ɍȼɈȾ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɰɢʂɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ..........................................................................1 Ƚɥɚɜɚ, ɉɈɊɂȳȿɄɅɈ ɉɊȺȼȺɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍ ɌɟɨɪɢʁɚÄɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚ³ɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɡɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɤɨɞɨɛɚ........................................................................................................4 ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚɮɚɡɚ..................................................................................................7 Ⱦɨɛɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ......................................................................................10 Ɋɚɬ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ...................................14 ɉɚɤɬȾɪɭɲɬɜɚɧɚɪɨɞɚ........................................................................................20 ɉɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ.................24 Ƚɥɚɜɚ,, ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɍɉɈȼȿȴɂɍȳȿȾɂȵȿɇɂɏɇȺɐɂȳȺ Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ........................................................................................27 ɂɡɪɚɞɚɱɥɚɧɚ  ...........................................................................................27 Ɂɧɚɱɟʃɟɱɥɚɧɚ  .........................................................................................28 ɉɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨɱɥɚɧɚ..............................................................................................31 Ɂɧɚɱɟʃɟɱɥɚɧɚ..................................................................................................33 ɍɥɨɝɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ...............................................................................39 Ɇʁɟɪɟɧɚɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ...................................................40 Ɇʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɧɟɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ.…………………......................……40 Ɇʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ.................................................................42 Ɋɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪɩɪɚɤɫɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ.........................................................46 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɨɞɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ................................................47 Ɉɞɧɨɫɢɡɦɟɻɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ..................67 Ƚɥɚɜɚ,,, ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɍɆȿȭɍɇȺɊɈȾɇɈɆɋɍȾɍɉɊȺȼȾȿ ɍɜɨɞ......................................................................................................................75 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɨɞɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ....................................................78 Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ....................94 ȽɥɚɜɚIV ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɂɋɍȻȳȿɄɌɂȻȿɁȿɅȿɆȿɇȺɌȺȾɊɀȺȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚɩɢɬɚʃɚɭɨɤɜɢɪɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ.........................156 Ɋɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɱɢɬɚʃɟɭɫɥɨɜɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ.........................................156 Ⱦɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɭɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ............................158 Ɋɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɨɞɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ…………..........................................161 Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɚɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ.......................................................................................163 Ƚɥɚɜɚ9 ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɂȿɆȻȺɊȽɈɇȺɍȼɈɁɈɊɍɀȳȺ ɍɜɨɞ..................................................................................................................165 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɨɞɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ167 Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ......................................................................................................179 ɉɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɚɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɝɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ.....................181 Ɉɞɧɨɫɢɡɦɟɻɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ..................183 ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ..............................................................................................................184 ɂɁȼɈɊɂ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɊɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɈɞɥɭɤɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟ Ɉɞɥɭɤɟɋɬɚɥɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɟ Ʌɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪa ɍȼɈȾ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɢɰɢʂɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɨɦɟ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɚɜɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɝɚ ɫɟɛɟ.1 Ʉɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɬɚɤɚɜ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɩɨɪɟɞɚɤɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɰɢ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɬɚʁɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬ ɢɦɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɚɬɢɦɟɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ.2 ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɨɞɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯɩɢɬɚʃɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ɉɜɨ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɩɪoɲɥɨɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ . ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɍɩɪɚɤɫɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɱɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɤɨʁɢɝɚ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɭʁɟɩɨɫɬɚɥɢɫɭɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɩɪɨɩɢɫɢʁɟɪɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʁɟɞɢɧɢɥɟɝɚɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ ȿɜɢɞɟɧɬɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɫɤɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁɋ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɨɻɟɧɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦȾɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɡɚɥɚɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɢɪɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɬɚʁ ɱɥɚɧ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɧɢɡɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɝɞʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɢɬɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɧɢɬɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɢ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟʁɟɡɚɭɡɟɨɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɢʁɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɢ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɥɚɠɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɭɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɬɢɧɚɩɚɞɢɩɨɬɢɱɭɧɢʁɟɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɢɦɞɨɤɚɡɢɦɚɉɪɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɫɤɚɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚɝɥɚɫɚɤɧɚɪɢɡɢɤɨɞɧɚɩɚɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɩɨɧɡɨɪɚ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɤɨɦʁɟɪɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɦɨʄɧɢʁɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭʁɚɫɧɢɯɩɪɚɜɧɢɯɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ 1 ɈɤɨɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɭɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɜɢɞɢȻɥɟɤɫɬɨɧɨɜ ɬɪɚɤɬɚɬ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ“Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɢɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ³ ɝɞʁɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɲɬɢɬɢ Äɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ³ɚɤɨʁɟɫɟɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟÄɩɪɚɜɨɦɧɚɩɨɫʁɟɞɨɜɚʃɟɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɨɪɭɠʁɚɫɰɢʂɟɦɨɞɪɠɚʃɚɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ³:LOOLDP%ODFNVWRQH Commentaries of the Laws of England 1765-1769, University of Chicago Press, 1979, ɫɬɪ-140. 2 ɉɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɫɚɞɪɠɢɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɟius cogens, ʁɟɪʁɟɞɚɧɨɞɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢɯɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɞɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɦɨɪɚɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɟKelsen, H., The Law of the United Nations, ɫɬp. 802-3. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭHalberstam, M., “The Right of Self-Defense Once the Security Council Takes Action” 17, Vol 2, Michigan Journal of International Law, 1996, ɫɬp. 244. 1 ɐɢʂɨɜɟɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟʁɟɞɚɩɨɤɚɠɟɞɚɢɡɛɨɪɢɡɛɨɪɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɜɟɞɜɢʁɟɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɟɦɨɪɚ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɢ ɲɢɪɢ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɑɥɚɧ  ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɟ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ɱɥɚɧ  ʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɢɡ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚɤɪɨɡɫɢɫɬɟɦɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɢʁɟɨɬʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɭɉɨɜɟʂɢɉɪɟɦɞɚ ʁɟɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɱɥɚɧɚɛɢɥɨɢɨɫɬɚɥɨɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦɚɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɟɞɟɛɚɬɟɦɨɝɭʄɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɲɬɪɟ ɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɨʁɟɫɟɪɚɡɜɢɥɨɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɚɜɭɱɟɫɜɨʁɟɤɨɪʁɟɧɟ ɢɡɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚȾɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɟɫɭɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɟɨɜɚɢɞɪɭɝɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɭɛʁɟɻɟʃɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɬɢ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɟ ɨɧɨɥɢɤɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɟɤɧɭ ɍ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦɬɨɫɟɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɟɧɢʁɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɦʁɟɪɫɢɫɬɟɦɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɉɨɜɟʂɨɦɫɤɨɪɨɞɚɧɢɤɚɞɧɢʁɟɭɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɫɚɨ ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɢʃɚɜɚʁɭʄɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɱɥɚɧɚɤɨɞɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ  ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɫɥɨɧɢɬɢɧɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɡɉɨɜɟʂɟɞɚɢɯɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɨɞɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ  ɢ ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭɢɡɦʁɟʃɟɧɢɯɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɫɬɨʁɟɞɚɪɚɡɜɢʁɭɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɢʁɟɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɟɧɨɪɦɟ ɉɨɫɟɛɧɚɩɚɠʃɚɭɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɢɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚʁɟɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢȾɚɧɚɲʃɢɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɭɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɨɦ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɯ ɧɟ-ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ  ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɯɥɚɞɧɨɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɝɪɭɩɟɤɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɬɨ Ʉɨɧɬɪɚɫɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ Ⱦɨɤɫɭɨɜɟɝɪɭɩɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɢɞɟɨɥɨɲɤɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɧɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɭɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɰɢɫɦɨɩɨɪɚɫɬɚɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɢɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ 2 ɢɥɢ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ʃɢɦɚ ɭ ɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟ ɢɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɢʁɟɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɧɨɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɧɚɨɜɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɲɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɇɟʁɚɫɧɨʄɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɤɨɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɟ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɲɢɪɢɯɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɢɧɢɯɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɤɨɞɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦɬɟɠɢɧɟɢ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦɝɪɭɩɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɫɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ⱦɢɨ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɭɞɚ ɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɪɲɢɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟɫɟʁɨɲɧɢʁɟɨɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ ɢɡɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɦʁeʃɟɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɚɦɚɤɚɨɧɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɭɊɭɚɧɞɢɢɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɭɍɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɚɧ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɨɞɛɚɰɢɨɬɚɤɚɜɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɨɞɛɢɨɞɚɭɤɢɧɟɢɥɢɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝʁɚɜɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɚɥɢɢɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɤɨʁɢʁɟɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɚɧɩɨɫɜɨʁɨʁɩɪɢɪɨɞɢʁɟɪ ɩɪɚɬɢɫɭɞɛɢɧɭɪɚɡɜɨʁɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɭɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ ɍ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɢʁɚ ɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɲɬɜɨɧɟɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯɧɚɱɢɧɚɤɨʁɢɫɟɬɟɲɤɨɭɤɥɚɩɚʁɭɭɧɨɪɦɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚɋɥɢʁɟɩɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɟɱɢɧɢɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢɦɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɧɚɫɜɚɩɢɬɚʃɚɤɨʁɚɫɟʁɚɜʂɚʁɭɭɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɍɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɧɨɪɦɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝʁɚɜɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɭɫɜʁɟɬɥɭɧɨɜɢɯɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɭ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɨɦ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɭ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɢɡɨɛɥɚɫɬɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɫɜɟɫɬɢɭɨɤɜɢɪɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ 3 ɉɈɊɂȳȿɄɅɈ ɉɊȺȼȺ ɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍ Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɚ „ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚ“ ɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɡɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ⱥɧɬɢɱɤɨɞɨɛɚ Ɉɞ ɚɧɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢɤɨʁɟɫɭɞɨɥɚɡɢɥɟɢɡɜɚɧɚ ɍ ɜɚɜɢɥɨɧɫɤɨɦ Ɍɚɥɦɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ Ⱦɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟ ɭ ʃɢɦɚ ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢɯɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɚɨɧɚɬʁɟɪɚɬɢɭɪɚɬɈɛɚɜɟɡɧɢɪɚɬɨɜɢɫɭɛɢɥɢɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɩɨʂɧɢɯɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɚɚɭɱɟɲʄɟɭʃɢɦɚʁɟɛɢɥɨɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ3 ɍ Ʉɢɧɢ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ  ɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɟɪɟ ɪɚɬ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɨɦ ɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɫɬɭɩɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɇɚɢɦɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɟ ɋɭɤɨɛ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɢʃɟɧɟɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɟɢɥɢɞɨɦɢɧɢɨɧɚ ɫɟɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɪɚɬɨɦɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɫɚɄɢɧɨɦɢɥɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɜɚɪɜɚɪɚɫɭ ɛɢɥɢɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɢ4 Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɚɧɡɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɧ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ ɭ ɂɧɞɢʁɢ ɚ ɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɪɢ ɫɭ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚɥɢ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɤɟ ɪɚɬɨɜɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɭɫʁɟɞɧɢɦɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɇɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢȿɜɪɨɩɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨɧɚɡɜɚɧɨɬɚɤɨ ɫɟɩɨɞɜɨɞɢɥɨ ɩɨɞɩɨʁɚɦɢɥɢɬɟɨɪɢʁɭɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚ(Bellum iustum)Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɚɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚɛɚɜɢ ɫɟɦɨɪɚɥɧɨɲʄɭɪɚɬɚɩɨɞɜɚɨɫɧɨɜɚɉɪɜɨɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɞɧɨɫɢɫɟɧɚɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɩɨɞɤɨʁɢɦɚʁɟɦɨɪɚɥɧɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬɭɩɢɬɢɭɪɚɬ(jus ad bellum). Ⱦɪɭɝɨɩɢɬɚʃɟɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢ ɨɜɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɢɬɨɤɨɦɪɚɬɧɢɯɫɭɤɨɛɚ(jus in bello). ɉɨɩɪɜɨɦɨɫɧɨɜɭɬɟɨɪɢʁɚɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ 3 Jan Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States, Oxford University Pressɫɬɪ 4 Tsai Chen, The Equality of States in Ancient China, 35 American Journal of International Law, 1941, ɫɬɪ-649. 4 ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɪɟʄɟ ɭ ɪɚɬ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧ ɍ ɧɚɲɟ ɞɨɛɚ ɩɨɞ ɬɢɦ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɪɚɬ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɩɨʂɧɟɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ Jɚɫɧɚɞɢɫɬɢɧɤɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɢɧɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟɢɭɚɧɬɢɱɤɨʁ ȽɪɱɤɨʁɢɭɚɧɬɢɱɤɨɦɊɢɦɭɂɚɤɨɫɭɝɪɱɤɢɩɨɥɢɫɢɱɟɫɬɨɛɢɥɢɭɪɚɬɭ ʁɟɞɚɧɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɢɥɢɡɚʁɟɞɧɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɪɟʄɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɝɪɱɤɢɩɢɫɰɢɢɮɢɥɨɡɨɮɢɨɫɭɻɢɜɚɥɢɫɭɪɚɬ ɍɩɪɚɤɫɢɪɚɬɫɟɦɨɝɚɨɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢɫɚɦɨɚɤɨʁɟɫɜɚɤɚɫɬɪɚɧɚɩɪɨɧɚɲɥɚɜɚɥɢɞɚɧɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɚɪɚɬɱɚɤɢɭÄɯɟɪɨʁɫɤɨɞɨɛɚ5“ Ɉɜɚʁɪɚɡɥɨɝɱɟɫɬɨɫɟɫɜɨɞɢɨɧɚɧɚɤɧɚɞɭɩɪɢɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɲɬɟɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ ɝɪɱɤɢɢɫɬɨɪɢɱɚɪɉɨɥɢɛɢʁɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɪɚɡɥɨɝɟɢɡɤɨʁɢɯɫɭɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢɈɧʁɟɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɭ ɩɚɠʃɭ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚʃɟ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚɈɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɩɲɬɚɩɪɚɤɫɚɧɚɥɚɝɚɥɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɞɢ ɜɨɻɚɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɩɨɛʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ6 ɊɚɧɢɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɨɜɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɧɚɥɚɡɢɦɨɢɤɨɞȺɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɚɤɨʁɢɭɫɜɨɦɞʁɟɥɭPolitica ɬɜɪɞɢɞɚ„>ɪ@ɚɬɦɨɪɚ « ɛɢɬɢɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɫɚɦɨɤɚɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɡɚɞɨɥɚɠɟʃɟɞɨɦɢɪɚ´7 Ɉɜɚʁɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬʁɟɢɩɚɤɦɨɪɚɥɧe ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ8 Ƚɪɱɤɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɬɭ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɩɪɢɛʁɟʄɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɪɢɦɫɤɭɬɟɨɪɢʁɭɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɢɩɨɛɨɠɧɨɝɪɚɬɚ bellum justum piumque). Ɉɜɚʁɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɢɦɚɨʁɟɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɚɱɢɬɚɜɩɟɪɢɨɞɫɜɟɞɨ;9,ɜɢʁɟɤɚɚʃɟɝɨɜɢɬɪɚɝɨɜɢɦɨɝɭ ɫɟɧɚʄɢɢɭɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɞɨɛɚ ɊɚɬʁɟɛɢɨʁXVWXP ɚɤɨʁɟɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɫɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɝɢʁɚɮɟɰɢʁɚɥɚ9 Ɂɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɦɨʄɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚɞ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɨɦ, ɮɟɰɢʁɚɥɢɧɢɤaɞɧɢɫɭɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɥɢɪɚɡɥɨɝɟɡɚɪɚɬɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɞɚɥɢʁɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧɪɚɡɥɨɝ 5 ɏɟɪɨʁɫɤɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɝɪɱɤɨʁ ɦɢɬɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɨɥɚɫɤɚ Ƚɪɤɚ ɭ Ɍɟɫɚɥɢʁɭ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚȽɪɤɚɢɡɩɨɯɨɞɚɧɚɌɪɨʁɭɉɟɪɢɨɞɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨɲɟɫɬɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɚɯɟɪɨʁɢɦɚɢɡɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɫɥɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɭ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɚ ɏɨɦɟɪɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɚʁɭ ɧɚɞʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɛɨɠɚɧɫɤɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ Connop Thirlwall, A history of Greece, Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans, 1845, ɫɬɪ. 139, ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰe http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroic_Age ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 6 Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States.,ɫɬɪ 3-4. 7Aristotle, Politics, (ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɚɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɢ(%DNHU 2[IRUG&ODUHQGRQ3UHVVɫɬɪ17. 8 Ibid. ɌɚɤɨɻɟɜɢɞɢFrederick H. Russell., The Just War in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1975, ɫɬɪ 12. 9 Ɏɟɰɢʁɚɥɢ IHWLDOHV ɫɭɛɢɥɢɝɪɭɩɚɫɜɟɲɬɟɧɢɤɚɤɨʁɨʁʁɟɩɨɜʁɟɪɟɧɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɛɪɨʁɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɤɨʁɢɯɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɟɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɚ Ɉɧɢ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɢɨɪɚɬɧɟɝɨɫɚɦɨɞɚɥɢɫɭɢɫɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɟɫɜɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢʁɟɩɨɱɟɬɤɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɛɚɰɚʃɟɦ ɤɨɩʂɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɬɚɥ ɞɪɟɜɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ  Ɉɜɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦȼɢɞɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɭ Yoram Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-Defense, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, ɫɬɪ 61 5 ɡɚɪɚɬɧɚɫɬɪɚɧɢɊɢɦɚɋɜɟɞɨɤʁɟɪɢɬɭɚɥɛɢɜɚɨɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɫɟɞɚʁɟ Ɋɢɦɭɜɢʁɟɤɜɨɞɢɨɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɟɪɚɬɨɜɟ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɢɦɚɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɧɚɞ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ10 ɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ ɫɟ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɨ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɟ-ɠɪɬɜɟɢɥɢɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɩɪɟɦɚʃɨʁɧɚɧɨɲɟʃɟɲɬɟɬɟɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟɞɚ ɫɟɢɫɩɭɧɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢ11 ɉɨɲɬɨɫɭɲɢɪɨɤɨɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɢɨɛɢɦ ɨɜɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ12 Ɍɨɤɨɦɞɚʂɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɩɨɫɬɚʄɟɭɨɱʂɢɜɨɤɨɥɢɤɨɫɭɨɜɢɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɢɛɥɢɫɤɢɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɏɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚɮɚɡɚ ɋɜɟɞɨɤʁɟɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɨɛɢɥɨɭɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɭɜɥɚɫɬɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɨ ʁɟɩɚɰɢɮɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɫɬɚɜɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢɪɚɬɧɟɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɦɱɢɧɨɦȾɨɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɨɜɟɟɪɟ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟɡɚɛɪɚʃɢɜɚɥɚɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢɦɚɭɱɟɲʄɟɭɪɚɬɭ13 ɇɚɤɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɚ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɚɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɥɚɫɜɨʁɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɨɪɚɬɭɨɞ ɬɨɝɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚɩɚɡɚɭɛɭɞɭʄɟɨɞɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɚ ɫɟɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɥɨɞɚɩɪɨɥɢʁɟɜɚʁɭɤɪɜɡɚɐɚɪɫɬɜɨ14 ɐɪɤɜɟɧɢɨɰɢɦɨɪɚɥɢɫɭɞɚɩɪɨɧɚɻɭ ɬɟɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɭ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɋɜ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ (bellum justum) ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɢʁɟ ɝɪɢʁɟɯ ɞɚ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɢɧɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟɭɪɚɬɭ ɩɨɞɭɫɥɨɜɨɦɞɚɫɟɪɚɞɢɨɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɦɪɚɬɭɈɫɭɻɭʁɭʄɢ 10 ɐɢɰɟɪɨɧʁɟɧɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚ„[ɧ]ɢʁɟɞɚɧɪɚɬɫɟɧɟɦɨɠɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦɨɫɢɦɚɤɨɧɢʁɟ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨ ɧɚʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ  ɢ ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɡɚ ɨɞɲɬɟɬɭ³Marcus Tullius Cicero, On the Commonwealth, Prentice Hall 1976, ɫɬɪ.217 (ɩɪɟɜɨɞɧɚɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɢ GH Sabine, SB Smith). 11 Coleman Phillipson, The International Law and Customs of Ancient Greece and Rome, London 1911, ɫɬɪ 179. 12 ȼɢɞɢ&LFHURsupra 10 ɫɬɪ ɤɨʁɢʁɟɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɞɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɚɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɡɚɪɚɬÄɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɚ ɲɬɟɬɟ³ ɢ Äɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɚ³Aristotle, Politics E. Baker 1971, ɫɬɪ 319 ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧɰɢʂɪɚɬɚ ɛɢɨ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ Äɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɩɨɪɨɛʂɚɜɚʃɟʂɭɞɢ³ɄɚɨɲɬɨɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɭArend ɢ Beck „[ɭ] ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɨɜɨɛɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ³Anthony Clark Arend, Robert J. Back, International Law and the Use of Force: Beyond the UN Chapter Paradigm, Routledge, 1993, ɫɬɪ 12. ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟHersch Lauterpacht, Oppenheim, International Law: A Treatise (Vol. I, 8th ed.) 1963. ɫɬɪ 77. 13 J. Von Elbe, The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law, 33 American Journal of International Law, 1911, ɫɬɪ. 901-920. 14 Ibid., id. 6 ɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɤɟɪɚɬɨɜɟɬɜɪɞɢɨʁɟɞɚʁɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧ ɪɚɬɨɧɚʁɤɨʁɢɫɟɜɨɞɢɪɚɞɢɧɚɤɧɚɞɟɲɬɟɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʂɟɧɨ ɡɥɨ Ɍɟɨɥɨɡɢ ɢ ɤɚɧɨɧɢɫɬɢ, ɫʂɟɞɛɟɧɢɰɢ ɋɜ Ⱥɭɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ, ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɋɜ Ɍɨɦɢ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɨɦ -  ɞɚ ɛɢ ɪɚɬ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɬɢ ɬɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ 1) ɪɚɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɢɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɨɻɟɧ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɞ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɚ (auctoritas principis) 2) ɦɨɪɚɨʁɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧɪɚɡɥɨɝɡɚɪɚɬ causa justa)ɢ 3) ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɫɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɝɥɟɞɢɲɬɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭ intentio recta) ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɟɞɨɛɪɨɚɢɡɛʁɟɝɚɜɚɡɥɨ15 ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɭɬɟɦɟʂɢɬɟʂɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ʁɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɲɩɚɧɫɤɢ ɬɟɨɥɨɝ ɢ ɮɢɥɨɡɨɮ ȼɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɬɜɪɞɢɨʁɟɞɚfundamentum justi belli est injustitia.16 ɂɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɞɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɯɨɥɚɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ɤɚɧɨɧɫɤɨɝ ɭɱɟʃɚ ɨ ɪɚɬɭɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɰɪɤɜɚɭɠɢɜɚɥɚɭɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɨɞɨɛɚɄɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɚɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɚɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɟ ɩɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɭɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɰɪɤɜɚʁɟɞɪɠɚɥɚɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɧɚɞɢɧɬɟɥɟɤɬɭɚɥɧɢɦɢɧɚɭɱɧɢɦ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɟɦ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɮɟɭɞɚɥɧɢ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɧɢɤ ɰɪɤɜɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɨɱɭɜɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɜɨɻɟʃɟɪɚɬɚ Ɇɨɝɭʄɟʁɟɢɫɬɚʄɢɛɪɨʁɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɨɦɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚ ɇɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɨɞ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚɤɚɨɧɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɬɢʁɟɥɨɤɨʁɟɛɢɞɚɥɨɫɜɨʁɫɭɞɨɬɨɦɟɋɬɨɝɚɬɚɤɜɚɭɱɟʃɚɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢɧɢɫɭɞɚɜɚɥɚɝɨɬɨɜɨɧɢɤɚɤɜɟɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟɍɦʁɟɫɬɨɬɨɝɚɭɦɧɨɝɢɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɜɨɻɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɇɚʁɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɜɨɻɟʃɟɤɪɫɬɚɲɤɢɯɩɨɯɨɞɚɤɨʁɟʁɟɤɚɬɨɥɢɱɤɚɰɪɤɜɚɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɚɫɭÄɛɟɡɛɨɠɧɢɰɢɨɫɤɪɧɚɜɢɥɢɏɪɢɫɬɨɜɝɨɪɛ³ ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɦɨɠɟ 15 St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, , Secunda Secundae Quaestio 40, 1 (35 Blackfriars ed.), 1972, ɫɬɪ. 80-3. 16 Bruno de Solages, La Théologie de la Guerre Juste, Paris, Desclée De Brouwer, 1946, ɫɬɪ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɭHans Wehberg, L’Interdiction du Recours à la Force, Recueil des Cours, Volume 78, 1951, I, ɫɬɪ 12. ɉɪɟɜɨɞɝɥɚɫɢÄɨɫɧɨɜɡɚɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧɪɚɬʁɟɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɚ³ 7 ɫɟɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɞɚɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚɭɱɟʃɚɧɢɫɭɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɚɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɟɪɚɬɭɜɟʄɫɭɢɦɚɥɚ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚʃɟɝɨɜɨɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟɐɪɤɜɟɧɢɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫɫɥɭɠɢɨ ʁɟɤɚɨɢɡɜɨɪɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɚɢ ɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɛɨɠɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɪɚɬɭ ɐɪɤɜɟɧɨ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɚ ɧɟɜʁɟɪɧɢɤɚ ɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɧɚɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɢɦɦɨɪɚɥɧɢɦɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɚɢɝɥɨɪɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɥɨʁɟ ɭɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɥɚɲɬɨɦ ɜʁɟɪɟ ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɯɪɚɬɨɜɚɛɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɤɨɥɢɤɨɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨʁɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɜɨɻɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɡ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ɛɟɡɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɝɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚȻɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɢɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɭ ɧɟɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɯɪɢɲʄɚɧɫɤɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɢɦɛɨɥɢɱɚɧ ɡɚɱɟɬɚɤɛɨɪɛɟɡɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɉɨɜɪɯɬɨɝɚɰɪɤɜɚʁɟɭɫɩʁɟɥɚ ɭɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟɫɢɥɟʁɟɛɢɥɨɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɨɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɞɚɧɢɦɚɢɥɢɡɚɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɯɩɪɚɡɧɢɤɚɈɜɚɤɜɚɧɚɪɟɞɛɚʁɟɡɚɢɫɬɚɢɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɧɚɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɋɜ Ⱥɜɝɭɫɬɢɧɚ ɢ Ɍɨɦɟ Ⱥɤɜɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟɦɢɪɚɢɩɨɦɚɝɚʃɚɧɟɜɢɧɢɦɪɚɡɜɨʁɦɢɫɥɢɨɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɦɪɚɬɭɧɚɤɨɧɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɫɯɨɥɚɫɬɢɱɚɪɚ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɦ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ ɭ ɤɨɪɫɢɬ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɟɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.17 Ⱦɨɛɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɪɟɞʃɟɝ ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ-ɧɚɰɢʁɚɫɚɫɬɨʁɢɫɟɭɬɨɦɟɞɚɫɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɜɨɻɟʃɟɪɚɬɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɭɨɜɨɦɧɨɜɢʁɟɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɭɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɦɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɦɚɧɟɝɨɫɟɫɜɟɜɢɲɟ ɨɫɥɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɥɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɚ ɧɟ ɪɟɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ18 Ɉɜɚ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ius ad bellum ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɨɦ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ 17 J. Kelsay, JT Johnson, Just War and Jihad, Greenwood Press, 1991, ɫɬɪ. 2. 18 Delivanis, J, La Légitime Défense en Droit International Public Moderne, 1969, Université de Caen, ɫɬɪ. 1. 8 ɋɚɦɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɞɪɠɚɜɧɟɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧʁɟɭɫɭɲɬɢɧɢɧɚɤɨɧɦɢɪɚɭ ȼɟɫɬɮɚɥɢʁɢɝɨɞɢɧɟ19 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɨɜɨɝɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɫɭ 1) ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɜɪɯɨɜɧɚɜɥɚɫɬɤɨʁɚʁɟɜɢɲɚɨɞɞɪɠɚɜɧɟɜɥɚɫɬɢ 2) ɫɜɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɭʁɟɞɧɚɤɟɢ 3) ɫɜɚɤɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɟɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɚɞɚɛɪɚɧɢɫɜɨʁɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɨɞɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢɫɩɨʂɚ Ʉɚɨɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɨɜɨɝɧɨɜɨɝɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɩɨʁɚɦbellum iustum ɭɫɬɭɩɚɦʁɟɫɬɨɩɨʁɦɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ.20 Ɉɞ ɬɨɝ ɞɨɛɚ, ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɚɧ ɪɚɬ21 ɂɡ ɬɨɝ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚȼɟɫɬɮɚɥɫɤɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɨɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɢ22 Ɇɟɻɭ ɩɪɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɜɨʁɢɥɢ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ Ƚɟɧɬɢɥɢ23 ɢɀɚɧȻɨɞɟɧ24 Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɚ ȼɟɯɛɟɪɝɚɫɚɦɨ “la conduite [de la guerre], et non son origine, était soumise à des restrictions.”25 ɋɬɨɝɚ, ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬ 26 ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɜɢɬɚɥɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ  ɍ ɨɜɚɤɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɨɦɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨɞɨɦɢɧɢɪɚɩɪɢɦɚɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɢʁɟɟɩɨɯɟɜʁɟɪɧɨ ʁɟɢɥɭɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɚɭȽɪɨɰɢʁɭɫɨɜɨɦ magnum opus-ɭ, De Iure Belli ac Pacis. Ⱦʁɟɥɭʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɝɭ ɟɪɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɧ 19 Ɇɢɪ ɭ ȼɟɫɬɮɚɥɢʁɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɫɟɪɢʁɭ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɦɚʁɚ ɢ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ ɭ Ɉɧɚɫɛɪɭɤɭ ɢ Ɇɢɧɫɬɟɪɭ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɟ ȵɟɦɚɱɤɟ Ɉɜɢɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɧ ʁɟ ɬɪɢɞɟɫɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢ ɪɚɬ -  ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɚ ɋɜɟɬɨɝ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɐɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɫɚɦɞɟɫɟɬɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɪɚɬ - ɜɨɻɟɧɢɡɦɟɻɭɒɩɚɧɢʁɟɢɏɨɥɚɧɞɫɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟKonrad Repgen, 'Negotiating the Peace of Westphalia: A Survey with an Examination of the Major Problems', In: 1648: War and Peace in Europe: 3 vols. 20 ɂɩɚɤ ɧɢ ɨɜɨ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɧɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɨʁ ɫɟɤɭɥɚɪɢɡɚɰɢʁɢ  ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɉɪɟɦɚ ȻɪɨɧɥɚʁɭɬɨʁɟʁɨɲɭɜɢʁɟɤɛɢɥɨɩɪɚɜɨÄɫɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɫɨɦɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ³ȳBrownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States. ɫɬɪ. 41. 21 Bryde, B.O., Self-Defence, in Bernhardt, R., (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law, ɫɬɪ. 361; ɜɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ Alexandrov, S.A., Self-Defense against the Use of Force in International Law, Kluwer Law International, 1996, ɫɬɪ. 5. 22 Zourek, J, La Notion de la Légitime Défense, 56 Ann.IDI, 1975, ɫɬɪ. 14, 17; ɜɢɞɢ Wehberg, E, L’Interdiction du Recours à la Force, Rec.d.C., 1951, ɫɬɪ. 48-49 ɨɤɨ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɭɡɚɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɢɜɚɬɧɢɯɪɚɬɨɜɚɭʃɟɦɚɱɤɢɦɤɪɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ 23 ȼɢɞɢʃɟɝɨɜɨɞʁɟɥɨ De Jure Belli Libri Tres Gentili, ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ XVI and XXV (Carnegie ed., J. ɋ Rolfe trans. 1933). 24 ȼɢɞɢʃɟɝɨɜɨɞʁɟɥɨ Six Livres de la République, Fayard, Paris, 1986. 25 Wehberg, H., op.cit., ɫɬɪ. 22Äɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚʁɟɩɨɫɬɭɩɚʃɟɭɪɚɬɭɚɧɟʃɟɝɨɜɭɡɨɪɤ³ 26 BrownlieȳInternational Law and the Use of Force by Statesɫɬɪ. 42. 9 ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ the law of nations)27, ɤɨʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɧɚɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɚ28 ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɢ ɭɫɚɝɥɚɫɢɥɢ ɫɤɭɩ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɭ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɢɜɨɫɬɈɜɚɤɜɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟɨɞµɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ¶ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ µɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ¶29 ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚ ɫɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ Ɍɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɢɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɤɨʁɢɯʁɟ³ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɬɢɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɟɫɟɧɚɡɢɪɭɭɞɚʂɢɧɢɚɤɨʁɟ ʁɨɲɭɜɢʁɟɤɧɢɫɭɚɤɭɬɧɟɢɧɟ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɧɚɞɢɪɟɤɬɚɧɧɚɱɢɧɢɤɚɡɧɢɬɢɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɨɧɚɧɟɞʁɟɥɚɤɨʁɚɫɭɭɡɚɱɟɬɤɭɚɤɨʁɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɩɨɫɬɢɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɚ.”30 ɋɥɢɱɧɨɝɦɢɲʂɟʃɚɛɢɨ ʁɟȼɚɬɟɥ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚ ³Ʉɚɞɚɞʁɟɥɚ ʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɝɨɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚʁɭɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɭ ɝɪɚɦɡɢɜɨɫɬɩɨɧɨɫ ɚɦɛɢɰɢʁɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɢɤɬɚɬɨɪɫɤɭɠɟɻ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɲʄɭ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɭɦʃɢɜ ɫɭɫʁɟɞ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɱɭɜɚɬɢ ɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɪɟɬɧɢɰɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ ɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬɟʄɟɝ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɚ ɦɨʄɢ ɨɞ ʃɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɟʃɟ ɚ ɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɟɩɨɬɟɲɤɨʄɟɭɞɚɜɚʃɭɢɫɬɨɝʃɟɧɢɩɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɟɧɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦ´31 27 ȼɢɲɟɨɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɭɬɟɪɦɢɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɜɢɞɢɭ*HQF7UQDYFL‘The Meaning and the Scope of the Law of Nations in the Context of the Alien Torts Claims Act and International Law’, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, 193 (2005). Ɍɪɧɚɜɰɢɨɜɞɟɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚɜɟɡɭɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɪɢɦɫɤɨɝ ius gentiumɫɪɟɞʃɨɜʁɟɤɨɜɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɢɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɂɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɭ ius gentium ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ Ɋɢɦɫɤɨɝ ɰɚɪɫɬɜɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɫɭɭɫɪɟɞʃɟɦɜɢʁɟɤɭɢɧɫɩɢɪɢɫɚɥɢɜɟɥɢɤɟɪɟɧɟɫɚɧɫɧɟɦɢɫɥɢɨɰɟɤɚɨɲɬɨɫɭɏɭɝɨȽɪɨɰɢʁɭɫ ɢȿɦɟɪɢɯɞɟȼɚɬɟɥɞɚɭɨɛɥɢɱɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɪɨɞɚɤɨʁɢʁɟɧɚɤɨɧɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɢɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝɭɫɬɚɜɚɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚɨɭɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚIbid. cɬɪ-263. 28 Grotius, H., De Iure Belli ac Pacis3UROSDUDɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ : http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/grotius/gro-100.htm ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ Wehberg, op.citɫɬp. 24. 29 ȼɢɞɢ Alexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 9. ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ƚɪɨɰɢʁɭɫ ɛɢɨ ɝɥɚɫɧɢɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ‘ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ’ ɬɚʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɢɫɩɭʃɟʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɨɤ ɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɞɢɨ ȼɚɬɟɥ, ɧɚ ɤɨɝɟ ɫɟ Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ. 30 Grotius, op.cit., ɤʃɢɝɚ II, ɝɥɚɜɚ I, para XVI. 31 Vattel, The Law of Nations, ɤʃɢɝɚ,,,ɝɥɚɜɚ,,,para. 42-ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɢɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ http://www.constitution.org/vattel/vattel_03.htm, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Dɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭ Westlake, J., Chapters on the Principles of International Law, Cambridge, UK, 1894, ɫɬp. 120. Ɍɚɤɨɻɟɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭ Walzer, M., Just and Unjust Wars, 1977, New York, ɫɬp. 78. ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ Brownlie, I, International Law and the Use of Force by States , ɫɬp. 41. 10 ɍɨɜɨɦɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭȼɚɬɟɥɫɟɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɚɨɧɨɲɬɨʄɟɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɛɢɬɢɩɨɡɧɚɬɨ ɤɚɨµɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɚɦɨʄɢ¶ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɢɦɚʁɭɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɞɚɨɞɪɠɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɚɧɛɚɥɚɧɫɚ ɢɡɜɨɞɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭɢɡɬɨɝµ ɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ¶ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɡɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟɦ. ɋɥɢɱɧɨɪɚɡɦɢɲʂɚʃɟɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɨʁɟɎɪɟɧɰɢɫȻɟʁɤɨɧɤɨʁɢʁɟɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɜɚɨɭʁɟɞɧɨɦɨɞ ɫɜɨʁɢɯɟɫɟʁɚɞɚ ʁɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ“ɩɪɢɧɱɟɜɢɡɚɢɫɬɚɢɦɚʁɭɞɟɠɭɪɧɨɝɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɪɚɤɚɤɨ ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɭɫʁɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɨʁɚɱɚɥɚ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ (…) ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭɞɚ ɢɯ ɭɝɪɨɡɢɜɢɲɟɧɟɝɨɞɨɫɚɞɚ.”32 ɋɚɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚȼɚɬɟɥɨɜɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨʁɟɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭɫɚȽɪɨɰɢʁɭɫɨɦ ɤɨʁɢʁɟɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɨɧɚɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ³ « ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɧɟɨɞɪɠɢɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟɤɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦɨʄɢ ɭ ɭɫɩɨɧɭ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɫɚɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɯɚ ɞɚ ɬɚ ɧɚɪɚɫɬɚʁɭʄɚ ɦɨʄ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɭɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ.”33 ɇɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ȼɚɬɟɥ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɚɦɟɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɢɩɚɤʁɟɛɢɥɨʁɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɜɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɟ34 ɉɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɟɧɟ ɭ ɪɚɬ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɨɤɚɨµɤɪɚʁʃɟɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ¶Ɍɨʁɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɩɨɝɥɟɞɨɦɤɨʁɢɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɢɦ ɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢɧɟɛɢɫɦʁɟɥɨɛɢɬɢɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɞɚɡɚɩɨɱɧɟɪɚɬɧɚɤɥɢɦɚɜɢɦɨɫɧɨɜɚɦɚɢɧɚɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɨɪɟɦɟɬɢ ɞɟɥɢɤɚɬɧɭ ɪɚɜɧɨɬɟɠɭ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɋɪɟʄɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɦ ɢɞɟʁɨɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɦɨ ɨ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɭ ɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɟ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭɤɨʁɢʁɟɬɨɤɨɦɰɢʁɟɥɟɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɡɧɚɱɚʁ35 Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɟ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɦ ɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦ, ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɥɢɝɢʁɫɤɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚɨɬɜɨɪɢɨɩɭɬɫɟɤɭɥɚɪɧɨʁɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɢɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝɪɚɬɚɚɧɢɬɢʁɟɞɧɚɞɪɭɝɚ 32 Bacon, Fr., Of Empire, in Essays, 1890, Clarendon 3UHVVɫɬp. 53. 33 Grotius, op.citɤʃɢɝɚ,,ɝɥɚɜɚ,ɩɚɪɚ. XVII. 34 Alexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 7. 35 Higgins, R., The Legal Limits to the Use of Force by Sovereign States: UN Practice, British Yearbook of International Law,  ɫɬɪ. 304. Ɉɞ Ⱥɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɫɬɢɧɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɢɦɩɭɥɫɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɚ ɪɚɡɭɦ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɲɬɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨɩɪɨɰʁɟʃɭʁɭʄɢɬɚɤɜɚɩɪɢɪɨɞɧDɢ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɚɫɬɪɟɦʂɟʃɚWolfgang von Leyden, Aristotle on Equality and Justice: His Political Argument 89-90, New York, 1985. ȼɚɬɟɥɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨɱɢɬɚɨ ȺɪɢɫɬɨɬɟɥɚɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɨʁɟɞɚÄɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɞɚʁɟʂɭɞɢɦɚɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɟɫɢɥɭɤɚɞʁɟɬɨɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɢɡɚɲɬɢɬɟʃɢɯɨɜɢɯɩɪɚɜɚ³Vattel, The Law of Nations, Book I, Chapter II, para 16. 11 ɩɪɟɩɪɟɤɚ ɡɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨsummum bonum ɤɨʁɟɫɟɦɨɪɚɥɨɲɬɢɬɢɬɢ36 ɑɢɬɚʁɭʄɢȽɪɨɰɢʁɭɫɚȻɨɜɟɬ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɭɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ɛɪɢɧɭɬɢ ɨ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ37 ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ,Ɇɨɧɬɟɫɤʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɢɫɚɨ ɞɚ: La vie des états est comme celle des hommes. Ceux-ci ont le droit de tuer dans le cas de la défense naturelle; ceux-la ont le droit de faire la guerre pour leur propre conservation.38 ɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɫɩɨʂɧɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɚɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɨ ɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɚɦɚ ɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɭ ɬɚɜɤɢɯ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɭɫɩɨɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɡɦɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɬɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɜɭʄɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ.39 ɉɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɚɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɫɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ, ɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɚɧɬɢɩɨɞ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ.40 ɉɪɟɦɚ Ⱦɢɧɲɬɚʁɧɭ, “ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɚɮɢɡɢɱɤɚ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɢɧɚ ɭ 19. ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 20. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ”41 ɚ ȼɚɥɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ “[ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ] ɨɥɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɭ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭ ɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ [ɤɨʁɚ] ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɟɝɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ.”42 ɂɩɚɤ, ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɞɚ, ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɰʁɟɧɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ, ɩɨɫɬɟɩɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ, 36 Ȼɨɜɟɬɱɚɤɬɜɪɞɢɞɚɦɧɨɝɢɚɭɬɨɪɢɜɢʁɟɤɚɡɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɱɚɤɢɦɚʁɭɨɛɚɜɟɡɭɞɚ ɲɬɢɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɟ ɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ Bowett, Self-Defence in International Law. Manchester: Manchester University Press (1958), ɫɬS. 37 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International LawɫɬS 38 „ɀɢɜɨɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɠɢɜɨɬ ʂɭɞɢ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɨɧɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɭɛɢʁɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɭɠɧɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɨɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɜɨɝ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚ.“ Montesquieu, C.L. de, De L’esprit des LoisɄʃɢɝɚ; ɝɥɚɜɚ ,,ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɭ'HOLYDQLV -La Légitime Défense en Droit International Public Moderne. Paris: L.G.D.J., 1971., ɫɬp. 3; Zourek, J., op.cit., ɫɬp. 15. 39 Waldock, C.H.M., The Regulation of the Use of Force by Individual States in International Law, Rec.d.C., 1952, II, ɫɬp. 457. 40 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law.,ɫɬp. 119. 41 Dinstein, Y., War Aggression and Self-Defense, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001, ɫɬS. 42 Waldock, H., op.cit ɫɬS - Ɉɜɞʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟɦɨ ɩɪɢɡɜɭɤ Ɏɢɯɬɟɨɜɟ ɢɞɟʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ³KRUV GH OD VSKqUH GH GURLW ɢɡɜɚɧ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɫɮɟɪɟ ´ ȼɢɞɢ ʃɟɯɨɜɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ Grundlage des Naturrechts, II, ɫɬp. 250. ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɞ Giraud, E., "La Théorie de la Légitime Défense", 49, Rec.d.C. (1934 III).,ɫɬp. 707. 12 ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ, ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɬɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɝɨɞ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ʃɢɯ ɠɟɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɭɩɢ ɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɪɚɬ. ɉɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭɫɤɥɨɩʂɟɧɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɢ ɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ 20. ɜɢʁɟɤɚ, ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɩɨɦɚɰɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɨ, ɚ ɭɨɛɥɢɱɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ, ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɨ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨʁɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ. 13 Ɋɚɬɢɞɪɭɝɟɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɤɚɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɇɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢ ³ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ.”43 Ɂɚɫɬɭɩɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɨ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɊɨɛɟɪɬȹɟɧɢɧɝɫʁɟɧɚɜɟɨ: “it would serve to cloak with an appearance of legality almost any unwarranted act of violence on the part of the state.”44 ɋɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɚɤɬɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ45 Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɢɪɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɱɢʁɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɞɢɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ. ɍ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɞ ɧɟɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɢɜɟɲɬɟɬɟ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɜɢɞɨɜɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɱɭɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ status quo,46 ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɩɪɢɦɢ ɪɟɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɢ ɢɥɢɪɟɩɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɫɚɰɢʂɟɦɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɨɝɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɚɩɪɚɜɚɈɜɨɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ʁɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ Ɍɨɤɨɦ  ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɥɚ ɤɚɨ ɝɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɪɲɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɚɡɚɞɭɠɟɧɨɝɡɚɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɭɨɱʂɢɜɟɫɭɬɪɢɬɟɧɞɟɰɢʁɟ 1) ɪɚɬɫɟɫɯɜɚɬɚɨɤɚɨɤɪɚʁʃɟɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɤɨʁɟɦɫɟɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚ ɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɢɯɦʁHɪɚɡɚɦɢɪɧɨɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɫɩɨɪɚɧɢʁɟɞɚɥɚɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ47 2) ɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɪɚɬ 43 Waldock, H., op.citɫɬp. 457; Alexandrov, S., op.citɫɬp. 15. 44 ³>ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ@«ɛɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ ɚɤɬ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɨɝɪɧɟ ɩɥɚɲɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɜɢɞɧɟ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ´ Jennings, R., The Caroline and McLeod Cases, 32, American Journal of International Law, 1938. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɨɞAlexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 23-24ȼɚɥɞɨɤʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨɫɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɚɜɨɬɨɦɟȼɢɞɢWaldock, op.cit., ɫɬp. 496. 45 Bowett D., Self-Defence in International Law. ɫɬɪ 46 Schwarzenberger G., The Fundamental Principles of International Law, Academy of International Law, 1955, ɫɬS. 47 Brownlie I, International Law and Use of Force by States, Oxford, New York, 1963, ɫɬS 14 3) ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɢɲɢɪɢɯɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɚɢɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚʁɟɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɚ48 Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɨʁɚɱɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɨɦ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚɫɩɨɪɨɜɚɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɭɩɪɢʁɟɉɪɜɨɝɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɪɚɬɚ49 ɍɨɜɨɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚɧɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɟ Ɇɚɲɢɧɟɪɢʁɚ ɋɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɚ ʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ50 ɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨ-ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɩɪɜɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ51 ɍɢɫɬɨɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɟɫɭ ɛɪɨʁɧɟ ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ.52 ɍɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɩɨɥɨɜɢɧɢ  ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɟɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɚɥɢɡɚɫɥɭɠɭʁɭɩɚɠʃɭɤɚɨɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɡɚɉɚɤɬȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɢɤɚɨ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ 53 Ɉɜɢ ɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɢ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɲɥɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ʁɟɪ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɝ ɢ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɡɚ ɦɢɪɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɇɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɨʁ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨʁɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɢɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɥɨɡɢɡɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɭɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɭɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɢɡɚɜɟʄɢɧɭɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚɢɚɤɨ ʁɟɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɚɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɨɦ ɚɤɬɭ54 ɇɚ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ 'Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɨɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɭɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɪɚɞɢɧɚɩɥɚɬɟɞɭɝɚɢɡɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ' ɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɨʁɫɭɫɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɟɞɚÄɧɟɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨʁɫɢɥɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɟ ɞɭɝɚ ɢɡ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɫɩɢɨ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɥɚɬɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɜɥɚɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ,“55 ɚɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚ ɪɚɬɭ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɚɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɦɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɟɢɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɟɦʃɟɧɢɯɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɭɠɧɢɤɚ 48 ȺOH[DQGURY6op.cit., ɫɬS12. 49 Brownlie I, International Law and the Use of Force by States, ɫɬp. Dɡɚɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɨɦɚɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɟ  ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɜɢɞɢɉɚɪɢɲɤɢɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɢɡɢȻɟɪɥɢɧɫɤɢɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟ 50 Lauterpacht H., supra 12, ɫɬɪ-41. 51 Manley O. Hudson, The Central American Court of Justice, 26 American Journal of International Law, 1932, ɫɬɪ 52 Ɋɚɞɢɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɚɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɢɯɨɞɥɭɤɚɤɨʁɟɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɟɧɚɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɫɩɨɪɨɜɚɨɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɫ ɤɪɚʁɚ  ɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɚ  ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɜɢɞɢLouis Sohn, Settlement of Disputes Realting to Interpretation and Application of Treaties, 150 Hague Recueil 195, 1976, II Ed., ɫɬɪ 228-34. 53 Brownlie I, International Law and the Use of Force by States, ɫɬp. 19. 54 Final Act of the Second Peace Conference, in James B. Scott, ed., The Hague Conventions and Declarations of 1899 and 1907, New York, 1915. 55 The Proceedings of the Hague Peace Conferences, The Conference of 1907, Vol I, N.Y. 1921, ɫɬɪ550- 551. 15 Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɏɚɲɤɟ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɢɡ  ɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɡɚɦɢɪɧɨɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ, ɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɢɫɭɩɨɱɟɬɚɤɧɚɩɨɪɚɞɚ ɫɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɚɬ ɤɚɨʁɟɞɚɧɩɪɚɜɧɢɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɢɤɚɨɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɡɚ ɦɢʁɟʃɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ56 Ɉɜɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɨɪɚɰɢ ɨɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɢ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɪɟɞɭɤɭʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ʁɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɦɭɥɬɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɢɯɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚɏɚɲɤɚɤɨɧɧɜɟɰɢʁɚɨɦɢɪɧɨɦɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɪɟɡɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɭ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɥɢ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɭɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɫɭ ɢ ɧɟɤɢɦ ɛɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɢɦ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɢɦɚ ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɭ Ȼɪɚʁɚɧɨɜɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɩɪɟɞ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɪɚɬɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɫɬɪɚɧɚɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɚɍɨɜɢɦɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɫɜɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɟ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɟ ɚ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɚɧɚ ɑɟɤɚʁɭɱɢ ɧɚ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɪɚɝɟ ɢ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɫɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɧɟ „ɜɨɞɟ ɪɚɬ ɧɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɡɚɩɨɱɢʃɭ ɪɚɬɧɚ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɚ³57 Ȼɪɚʁɚɧɨɜɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɟɝɢɪɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɢɞɚɭɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɡɚɩɨɱɧɟɢɜɨɞɢɪɚɬɈɧɨɲɬɨ ɫɟɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɨɩɨɫɬɢʄɢɨɜɢɦɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚɛɢɥɨʁɟɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɡɚɦɪɡɚɜɚʃɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ  ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɫɬɢ ɫɦɢɪɢɥɟ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɨɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ58 Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɥɟɠɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɚɞɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɞɝɚɻɚʃɟ ɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɞɨ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɚ ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢɞɚʄɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦɩɨɱɟɬɢɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɬɢɪɚɡɭɦ ɉɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭɡɢɦɚɥɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɢɚɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚɪɚɬɭɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚʁɭɞɚʁɟɭɬɨɞɨɛɚɦɢɲʂɟʃɟʁɚɜɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɫɬɚɥɨɫɧɚɝɚɫɚ ɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɦɨɪɚɥɨɫɭɨɱɢɬɢɢɞɚʁɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚɢɡɪɚɠɟɧɚɚɜɟɪɡɢʁɚ ʁɚɜɧɨɝɦɧɟʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ 56 Lauterpacht, Oppenheim, supra 12, ɫɬɪ. 57 Editorial Comment, ‘The Bryan Peace Treaties’, 7 American Journal of International Law, 1913, 823, ɫɬɪ 824-25. 58 Alfred Zimmern, The League of Nations and the Rule of Law 1918-1935, Macmilan, London, 1939, ɫɬɪ 129. 16 ɪɚɬɭ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɭ ɬɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɠɪɬɚɜɚ ɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦɢɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦɪɟɫɭɪɫɢɦɚʁɟɞɧɟɡɟɦʂɟɚʁɟɮɬɢɧɚɞɧɟɜɧɚɲɬɚɦɩɚɫɚ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɢɦ ɬɢɪɚɠɨɦ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɭ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ59 Ʉɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɬɨɝɚɜɥɚɞɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɭɩɨɫɜɟʄɢɜɚɥɟɫɜɟɜɢɲɟɩɚɠʃɟ ɧɚɥɚɠɟʃɭɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɚ ɡɚɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɟɪɚɬɭ Ɂɛɨɝɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚ ʁɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ³ɫɜɟɜɟʄɚɨɞɛɨʁɧɨɫɬɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɚɬɭ³ɧɚɝɥɚɫɚɤ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɧɭɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɪɚɬɚɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɤɚɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ60 Ʉɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɪɚɬ ɚ ɬɨ ɫɭ: ɪɟɬɨɪɡɢʁɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟɫɢɥɟɢɫɥɢɱɧɨȾɚɛɢɫɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɥɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡɭɱɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɉɨɞ ɪɟɬɨɪɡɢʁɨɦ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ ɫɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢɤɨʁɟ ʁɟɢɚɤɨɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɨɫɩɚɞɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɧɨɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɟɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɯ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ Ɉɧɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɱɚɤɢɤɚɞɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɌɢɩɢɱɚɧɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɪɟɬɨɪɡɢʁɟ ʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦʁɟɪɚʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɝɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚɩɪɟɦɚɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɨʁɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ɋɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟɫɭɦʁɟɪɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɝ ɢɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɨɝɤɪɲɟʃɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɢ ɢɥɢ ʃɟɧɢɦɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɢɦɚɄɚɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɭɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢɧɚɜɨɞɟɫɟ -ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɚ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɭ ɭ ɥɭɤɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɦɜɨɞɚɦɚɡɟɦʂɟ-ɠɪɬɜɟ -ɤɨɧɮɢɫɤɚɰɢʁɚɛɪɨɞɨɜɚɢɥɢɢɦɨɜɢɧɟɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦɦɨɪɭ -ɤɨɧɮɢɫɤɚɰɢʁɚɢɦɨɜɢɧɟɢɥɢɩɪɢɬɜɚɪɚʃɟɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬʂɫɤɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ -ɜɨʁɧɚɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɚɞɢʁɟɥɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ 59 Brownlie, International Law and the Use of Force by States.ɫɬɪ. 60 Waldock, op.cit., ɫɬɪɊɚɞɢɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɩɪɚɤɫɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ-ɤɚɞɚɫɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨɞɚ ɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɚʃɟɧɢʁɟɩɪɚɜɧɚɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚɢɨɤɨɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɪɚɬɧɨɝɫɬɚʃɚ ɜɢɞɢ%URZQOLH, International Law and the Use of Force by States, ɫɬɪ-Ɉɤɨɞɪɭɝɢɯɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɜɢɞɢ+:%ULJJVThe Law of Nations, Appleton-Century-Crofts Inc., New York, 1952, ɫɬɪ-64. 17 Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɨɧɟ ɫɭ ɦɨɪɚɥɟ ɛɢɬɢ -ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɟɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨɤɚɨɨɞɝɜɨɜɨɪɧɚɤɪɲɟʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ -ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯɨɪɝɚɧɚ -ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɨɦ ɡɥɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɭ ɨɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɚɧ ɞɚ ɢɡɞɟʁɫɬɜɭʁɟɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɭ -ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɟɫɚɦɨɚɤɨɫɭɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɜɨɻɟɧɢɫɰɢʂɟɦɞɨɛɢʁɚʃɚɧɚɞɨɤɧɚɞɟɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɢ ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɯɨɦ. Ɉɜɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɚɭɥɢɥɚ  ɩɪɟɞ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɧɚʁɦʁɟɪɨɞɚɜɧɢʁɢɦ ɢɡɜɨɪɨɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ61 ɉɨɦɨɪɫɤɚɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ ʁɟɩɨʁɚɦɭɜɟɞɟɧɭɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝʁɚɜɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɝ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɏɨɬɮɨʁɥɚ62 Ɉɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɟ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɪɚɬɧɟ ɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɯ ɫɢɥɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɚɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɚɧɚɫɥɚɛɢʁɭɡɟɦʂɭɭɤɨʁɟɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɟɞɨɥɚɡɢɞɨ ɪɚɬɚɉɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ʁɟɧɚɫɢɥɚɧɚɤɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟɦɨɝɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢɤɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɩɪɢɧɭɞɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɚɥɟɤɨɦɨʄɧɢʁɢɯɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɯɫɢɥɚɤɚɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚ ʁɟɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɛɥɨɤɚɞɟɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚʁɨʁɫɟɨɞɭɩɪɟɐɢʂɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟɛɥɨɤɚɞɟ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɟɪɚɬɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚɢɥɢɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʃɚɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɚɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɢɦɚ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɫɧɚɠɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɢ ɨɬɩɨɪ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ  ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ ɢ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɥɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ63 ɉɨʁɚɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧʁɟɧɚɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɫɟɨɩɢɲɟɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɚɩɢɬɚʃɚɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟȻɪɢɝɫʁɟɨɜɚʁɩɨʁɚɦɟɥɚɛɨɪɢɫɚɨɧɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ÄɌɟɪɦɢɧ ɨɩɬɟɪɟʄɟɧ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɫɚɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨʂɧɨɞɚɫɟɨɩɢɲɭɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɚɭɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɢɥɢɫɩɨʂɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ 61 ɋɥɭɱɚʁ XXVIIa: Responsabilité de l'Allemagne à raison de dommages causés dans les colonies Portugaises du Sud de l' Afrique  ʁɭɥɢ   Reports of International Arbitration Awards 1012. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɨɞȺOH[DQGURY6op.cit., ɫɬp. 16. 62 Lauren-Basile Hautefeuille, Questions des droit maritime international, Saint-Denis, 1868. 63 ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɦɨɝɧɭ ɝɪɱɤɢɦ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɭɪɫɤɟɜɥɚɫɬɢɝɨɞɢɧɟɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɟɛɥɨɤɚɞɭɨɛɚɥɟɩɨɞɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦɬɭɪɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɢ ɛɢɬɤɟ ɡɚ ɇɚɜɚɪɢɧɨ Oppenheim, L. & Roxburgh, Ronald. 2005. "International Law: A Treatise", ɫɬp. 53. 18 ɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɚɨɲɬɨɫɭɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɚɜɨʁɧɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɱɚɤɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɦɚɥɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ³64 ɍ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɋɬɨɝɚɞɚɛɢɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɛɢɥɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɚ ɦɨɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɚɤɬ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɚɤɬ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɚɭɢɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɭɢɥɢɤɚɨɚɤɬɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ65 ɋɜɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚɥɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɞɟɥɢɤɬɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɢɥɢɫɭɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚɧɟɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɦɧɚɫɚɦɨɡɚɲɬɢɬɭɢɥɢɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ66 ɉɨɪɟɞɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟɫɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɢɢɡɦɟɻɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭʁɟɪʁɟɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɨɨɞɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɯɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚɨɞɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬ67 ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɇɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɭ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɢɫɚɧɢɨɜɢɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢʁɟɫɥɭɱɚʁɄɚɪɨɥɢɧ68 Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɧɢʁɟɧɨɜɢʁɟɝɞɚɬɭɦɚʁɟɪɫɭɫɟɜɟʄɩɨʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɢɭɞʁɟɥɢɦɚɩɪɚɜɧɢɤɚɩɪɢʁɟ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝɞɨɛɚ ɋ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɤɚɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɨʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚɦɚɭɏɚɝɭ  ɢ  ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɜɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚɦɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚɨ ius ad bellum, ɩɚɫɭɫɟɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɧɟɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɟɧɚius in bello. Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟɧɢɫɭɦɨɝɥɟɛɢɬɢɧɚɬʁɟɪɚɧɟɞɚɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɧɚɫɤɨɪɨɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɪɚɬɫɜɟɞɨɫɭɨɱɚɜɚʃɚɫɚɫɬɪɚɯɨɬɚɦɚ ɉɪɜɨɝɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ 64 Briggs, The Law of Nations, ɫɬɪ. 960. 65 John Westlake, International Law, Cambridge, 1910, ɫɬɪ-21. 66 Brownlie., International Law and the Use of Force by States., ɫɬp 47. 67 Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ Ȼɪɨɧɥɚʁ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɭ  ɜɢʁɟɤɭ ³ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɰɢ «  ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ, ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɭɠɞɭɢɧɭɠɧɭɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɚɨɦɚʃɟ-ɜɢɲɟʁɟɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɟɬɟɪɦɢɧɟ´Brownlie., International Law and the Use of Force by States., ɫɬp. 43. 68 RY Jennings, ‘The Caroline and McLeod Cases’ 1938, 32 American Journal of International Law, 82, ɫɬp. 84. 19 ɉɚɤɬȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɇɚɤɨɧ ɉɪɜɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɤɪɭɩɧɢʁɢ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫ ɨɛɭɡɞɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɭɱɢʃɟɧ ʁɟȼɟɪɫɚʁɫɤɢɦɭɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ. ɇɚɤɨɧ ɛɨɥɧɢɯ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɚɜɚɨɫɜɚʁɚɱɤɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɩɪɟɦɚɬɟɤɫɬɭɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚɫɟɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɥɨɞɚʄɟɫɟ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɭɛɭɞɭʄɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ69 Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɭɞɚɪɚɰɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɨʁɬɜɪɞʃɢɨɩɪɚɜɭɧɚbellum iustumʁɟɪɫɭ ɧɚɱɟɥɧɨɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɪɚɬɨɜɢ ɛɢɥɢɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɢ ȳɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɤɨɪɚɤ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɨ ʁɟɉɚɤɬȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɉɚɤɬ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɦɢɪ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɤɪɨɡɫɢɫɬɟɦɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɐɢʂɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ Ʌɢɝɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ70 Ʉɪɭɧɚ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚɩɪɟɦɚɉɚɤɬɭɨɝɥɟɞɚɫɟɭɱɥɚɧɭ. ɤɨʁɢɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɞɚ ɍɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɞɚɢɡɦɟɻɭʃɢɯɢɡɛɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɚɜɫɩɨɪɤɨʁɢɦɨɠɟɞɨɜɟɫɬɢɞɨ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɅɢɝɟ ɫɭ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɞɫɤɨ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɢɫɬɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɚɬɢɭɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɢɫɥɚɠɭɫɟɞɚɧɢɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɧɟʄɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟʄɢ ɪɚɬɭ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ ɬɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɞɫɤɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟɢɥɢɨɞɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɍɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɩɪɟɦɚɨɜɨɦɱɥɚɧɭ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɚɢɥɢɫɭɞɫɤɚɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɞɨɧɟɲɟɧɚ ɭɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦɪɨɤɭɚ ɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ  ɦʁɟɫɟɰɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɞɧɨɲɟʃɚɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ71 69 ɑɥɚɧ 231 ȼɟɪɫɚʁɫɤɨɝɭɝɨɜɨɪɚɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɞɚ “ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɟɢɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧɟɜɥɚɞɟɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭɚȵɟɦɚɱɤɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬȵɟɦɚɱɤɟɢʃɟɧɢɯɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤɚɡɚɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚʃɟɫɜɢɯɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚɢɲɬɟɬɟɤɨʁɟɫɭ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʁɟɥɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɟɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢ ɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɪɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɢɦ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɨɦȵɟɦɚɱɤɟɢʃɟɧɢɯɫɚɜɟɧɢɤɚ.” The Avalon Project, Yale Law School, ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɨɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp; ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ Bowett, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 123. 70 Delivanis, J., op.cit., ɫɬp. 18. 71 The Avalon Project, Yale Law School ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp; ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 20 Ɉɜɚɤɜɚɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɡɚɩɨɱɧɭɪɚɬɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨɫɭɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ72 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɉɚɤɬɚ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɨʁɟɞɚɫɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ73 ɍ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢɉɚɤɬɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɚɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɭɡɚɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɚɪɚɬɭɧɟɝɨ ʁɟɫɚɦɨɭɜɟɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɟɡɚɩɨɫɪɟɞɨɜɚʃɟ74 Ⱦɨɤɫɭɧɟɤɢɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɬɪɟɛɚʁɭ ɞɚɫɟɨɞɪɟɤɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɞɚɡɚɬɪɚɠɟɡɚɲɬɢɬɭɨɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ75 ɡɚɩɪɨɩɚɫɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɧɢɫɭɤɪɢɜɢɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɰɢɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚɡɚɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ  Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɢɡɞɜɚʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɛɢɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɉɪɜɨɦ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɢʁɚ ɢ ɚɬɪɢɛɭɬɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ʁɟɪ ʁɨɲɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɟɫɩɪɟɦɧɟɞɚɩɪɟɧɟɫɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɡɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɟɨɪɚɬɭɢ ɦɢɪɭɧɚɧɟɤɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɬɢʁɟɥɨɄɟɥɫɟɧɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟɞɚɡɛɨɝɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚ³>ɩ]ɚɤɬɨɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɦɨɧɨɩɨɥ ɫɢɥɟ ɡɚ ɰɢʁɟɥɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɧ.”76 Ʉɚɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚʁɨɲɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɚɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɬɢɤɚɨɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɪɚɫɚɧɫɭɞɢʁɚɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɲɬɨʁɟɤʂɭɱɧɢɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɤɨɞɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚɢɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɭ Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɰɢ ɭ ɉɚɤɬɭ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟ Ƚɨɞɢɧɟ  ɢ  ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɧɚ ɫɭ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨʁɚɱɚɥɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɚɤɬɭ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɀɟɧɟɜɫɤɢ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧʁɟɫɰɢʂɟɦɞɚɫɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ ɛɪɨʁɨɫɧɨɜɚɤɨʁɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚʁɭɪɚɬɧɚɫɚɦɨɞɜɚ  ɤɨɞɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɢ 2) ɫɚɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟɦɋɚɜʁɟɬɚȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ 72 ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ Brownlie, I., International Law and the Use of Force by States revisited, ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ Europaeum http://www.europaeum.org/europaeum/?q=node/510 ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 73 Bowett, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 123. 74 Kelsen, H., ‘Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations,’ 42 American Journal of International Law, 1948, ɫɬp. 787. 75 Bowett, ɨɜɞʁɟɩɚɪɚɮɪɚɡɢɪɚWehberg-ɚ. Bowett, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 127. 76 Kelsen, H., ‘Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations,’, ɫɬp. 787. Ʉɟɥɫɟɧɬɚɤɨɻɟɞɨɞɚʁɟɞɚ“ɭɨɜɨʁɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɢɬɚɤɨɻɟɥɟɠɢɪɚɡɥɨɝɡɚɲɬɨɭɉɚɤɬɭ(…) ɧɢɫɭɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɟɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɟɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɨɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ´ Ibid., ɫɬp. 791. 21 ɂɫɬɢɧɚɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɧɢɤɚɞɧɢʁɟɪɚɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɝɛɪɨʁɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɞɚɛɢ ɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɧɚ ɫɧɚɝɭ77 Ʌɨɤɚɪɧɨ ɩɚɤɬ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ je ɫɚɱɢʃɟɧ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɫɚɦɨɧɚɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟɱɢʃɟʃɚ“ɮɥɚɝɪɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɫɬɭɩɚ” ɱɥɚɧɚ . ɢɥɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ . ɢ 43. ɉɚɤɬɚ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟɫɢɥɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɥɨɨɞɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ.78 ȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨɧɚʁɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨʁɢʁɟɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɤɚɨɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ‘ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɯ ɪɚɬɨɜɚ’ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɉɚɤɬɄɟɥɨɝ-Ȼɪɢɚɧ ɢɥɢɉɚɪɢɲɤɢɩɚɤɬ79 ɉɪɟɦɚɢɫɬɨɦ 1) ȼɢɫɨɤɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɟɭɢɦɟɫɜɨʁɢɯɝɪɚɻɚɧɚɫɜɟɱɚɧɨɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɭ ɞɚ ɨɫɭɻɭʁɭ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɢɱɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɫɚɞɪɭɝɢɦɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ 2) ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɟ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɦɢɪɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɫɜɟ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɤɨɛɟ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɝɨɞ ɨɧɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɛɢɥɢ ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɬɢɢɡɦɟɻɭʃɢɯ80 Ʌɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɉɚɤɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɨ ‘ɫɢɝɭɪɨɧɨɫɧɢ ɜɟɧɬɢɥ’ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɇɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɛɚɪɟɦɩɪɟɦɚɤɨɪɟɫɩɨɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɢɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟɜɥɚɞɟɢɡɬɨɝɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɝɞʁɟɫɟɧɚɜɨɞɢ Every nation is free at all times and regardless of treaty provisions to defend its territory from attack or invasion and it alone is competent to decide whether circumstances require recourse to war in self-defense.81 77 Arend, A., ɢ Beck, R., op.cit.,ɫɬp. 22; Bowett, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 125-6. 78 Bowett, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 128-9. 79ɒɟɡɞɟɫɟɬɬɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɥɟȾɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɭȼɢɞɢ Brownlie, I., International Law and the Use of Force by States revisited; ɨɬɨɦɟɜɢɲɟɭCassese, A., Article 51, in Cot, J.P, and Pellet, A., La Charte des Nations Unies, Economica, Paris, 1991, ɫɬp. 770. ɍɩɪɚɤɫɢɉɚɪɢɲɤɢɩɚɤɬɧɢʁɟɢɫɩɭɧɢɨɫɜɨʁɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɚɬɚ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɨ ʁɚɩɚɧɫɤɭ ɢɧɧɜɚɡɢʁɭ ɧɚ Ɇɚɧʇɭɪɢʁɭ   ɢɬɚɥɢʁɚɧɫɤɭ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭɧɚȺɛɢɫɢɧɢʁɭ  ɤɚɨɧɢʃɟɦɚɱɤɭɢɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɭɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭ ɧɚɉɨʂɫɤɭ  Ȼɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɚɤɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɨɪɦɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɫɢɥɨɦɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɢɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɚɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɚɧɚɬɚʁɧɚɱɢɧɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢ 80 The Avalon Projectɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/kbmenu.asp ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 81 Äɋɜɚɤɚɧɚɰɢʁɚɢɦɚɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɭɫɜɚɤɨɞɨɛɚɢɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɨɞɨɞɪɟɞɛɢɭɝɨɜɨɪɚɛɪɚɧɢɫɜɨʁɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ³ ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɨɞ Bowett, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 133. ɂɡɜɨɪ Further Correspondence with Government of the United States respecting the United States Proposal for the 22 ɉɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɨɜɚɤɜɨɝɫɬɚɜɚ ʁɟɭɬɨɦɟɞɚʁɟ“ɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɫɬɚɥɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɫɭɞɢʁɚɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʃɚɪɚɬɭɪɚɞɢɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ,”82 ɤɨʁɚɫɟɢɡɜɨɞɢɢɡɭɪɨɻɟɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ.83 ɂɩɚɤ ʁɟɞɧɚɨɞɫɥɚɛɨɫɬɢɉɚɤɬɚɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɚɫɟɭɬɨɦɟɲɬɨʁɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ, ɤɚɞɚɫɟɧɟɪɚɞɢɨɪɚɬɭ, ɛɢɥɚɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚ84, ɢɚɤɨɦɧɨɝɢɬɜɪɞɟɞɚ ʁɟɭɩɪɚɜɨɬɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚɞɚɉɚɤɬɛɭɞɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɫɭ ɝɚɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɥɟ. Ʉɚɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɞɛɚɦɨɠɟɫɟɢɫɬɚʄɢɞɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɬɢʁɟɥɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɢɨ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɭʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ȼɟɡ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɛɟɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪ Ȼɪɨɧɥɚʁ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ³>ɞ]ɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɚɪ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ (…).”85 Ⱥɦɟɪɢɱɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɭ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɫɢɦ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɢ ɞɚ “[ɚ]ɤɨ [ɞɪɠɚɜɚ] ɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɚɪ ɨɫɧɨɜ [ɞɚ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ], ɫɜɢʁɟɬ ʄɟ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɨɫɭɞɢɬɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ³86 ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɢʁɢɯ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɚ ɉɚɤɬɚ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɨɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɲʄɭɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɲʄɭɩɨɨɫɧɨɜɢɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɚ ɄɟɥɨɝʁɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚʁɟÄɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɤɨɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ³87, ɢɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟɛɢɨɫɩɪɟɦɚɧɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɲɬɚɬɚɱɧɨɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ.88 Renunciation of War, between mr. Atherton and Sir A. Chamberlain, no. 1. June 23rd, 1928. ɉɪɟɭɡɟɬɨɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/kbmenu.asp, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 82 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in international law, ɫɬp. 135. 83 ɍɪɨɻɟɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɏɢɝɢɧɫoɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɛɚɪɟɦ “[ɩ]ɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ (…), ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɢ.” (ɇɚɜɨɞɧɢɰɢ ɞɨɞɚɧɢ). Higgins, R., Legal Limits to the Use of Force, British Yearbook of International Law, 1961, ɫɬp. 304. 84 Wehberg, E., op.cit., ɫɬp. 49. 85 Brownlie, I., International Law and the Use of Force by States., ɫɬp. 238-9. 86 ȼɢɞɢ Further Correspondence, no. 1. June 23rd, 1928. ɉɪɟɭɡɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/kbmenu.asp, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 87 ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɨɞ Brownlie, I., International Law and the Use of Force by States, ɫɬp. 240. Ʉɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɨ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɫɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɚɩɨɞɩɨɤɪɨɜɢɬɟʂɫɬɜɨɦȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɪɭɠɢɬɢɞɨɜʂɧɨʁɚɫɧɟɭɩɭɬɟɨɬɨɦɟȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ Zourek, J., op.cit., ɫɬp. 43. 88 ȼɢɞɢ Further Correspondence, no. 1. June 23rd, 1928. ɉɪɟɭɡɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/kbmenu.asp, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 23 ɉɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɫɭɻɟʃɚ ɭ ɇɢɪɧɛɟɪɝɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɧɨ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚɇɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɛɟɡ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɩɚɤɬɨɦ Ʉɟɥɨɝ-Ȼɪɢɚɧ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɚ ɫɭ ȵɟɦɰɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɢɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɭɇɨɪɜɟɲɤɟɢɚɤɨʁɟɛɢɥɨʁɚɫɧɨɞɚɫɟʃɢɯɨɜɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɧɢɤɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɥɨɩɨɞɜɟɫɬɢɩɨɞɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ89 Ɉɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ʁɟɞɚɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɭʄɟɩɨɫɬɢʄɢɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤɭɩɪɚɜɰɭɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɞɨɤɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɭɧɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɫɭɩɟɪɜɢɡɢʁɭɫɜɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɄɚɤɨɬɨɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟȼɚɥɞɨɤʁɨɲʁɟɞɚɧɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɤɨʁɢɫɟɨɜɞʁɟʁɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɭɬɨɦɟɲɬɨ³>ɩ]ɪɚɜɧɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɤɨʁɢɫɚɦɨɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɚɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɚɫɬ.”90 ɂɫɬɢɧɢɬɨɫɬɨɜɟɬɜɪɞʃɟɧɚʁɛɨʂɟʁɟɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɚɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɚɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɚɪɚɬɚ. ɍɩɪɤɨɫɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɫɢɦɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɱɭɜɚʃɚɦɢɪɚɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɭȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɥɟɠɚɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ“[ɦɨʄɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ] ɧɟɦɨɝɭ (…) ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɫɭɞɨ ɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɚɞɚɭɢɫɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɧɟɨɜɥɚɫɬɟɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɚɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɢɥɢ ɤɚɞ ɝɨɞ ɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ.”91 ɋɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɜɢɞɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ a fortiori ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɞɚ ɜɪɲɟ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɢɰɚʁɰɚ ɨɧɟ ʄɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚɢɞɚɭɬɢɱɭɧɚʃɟɝɨɜɨɩɨɲɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɢɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɭɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɰɪɩɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɰɢɬɟɬɚ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɚ ɏɟɧɤɢɧɚ “ɞɪɠɚɜɟ 89 Schachter, O., ‘Self-Defense and the Rule of Law,’ 83 American Journal of International Law, 1989, ɫɬp. 262 ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ $OH[DQGURY 6 op.cit ɫɬS  0F'RXJDO 06 ɢ )HOLFLDQR )3., Law and Minimum World Public Order: The Legal Regulation of International Coercion, New Haven, USA, Yale Univ. Press, 1961, ɫɬS. 90 Waldock, H., op.citɫɬS. 91 Schachter, O., “Self-'HIHQVHDQGWKH5XOHRI/DZ´ɫɬS. 24 ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭɫɤɨɪɨɫɜɟɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɢɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʁɭɫɤɨɪɨɫɜɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɟɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ.”92 Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɢɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɢ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɏɢɝɢɧɫɨɜɟ, “ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɟɧɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɰɢɬɟɬɚ.”93 ɉɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭʄɢɏɟɧɤɢɧɨɜɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɨɧɚɞɨɞɚʁɟɞɚʁɟ³>ɱ]ɟɫɬɨɭɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭɞɚɫɟɩɨɡɨɜɟɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɩɪɚɜɨɦ(...) ”94 ɍɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɭɨɜɟɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢʄɟ ɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ µɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɰɢɬɟɬɚ¶ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɧɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɢʁɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɚɞɚɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟɭɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɤɪɲɟʃɟɦ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɋɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɨɫɜɪɬ ɛɢʄɟɭɱɢʃɟɧɩɪɟɦɚɩɢɬɚʃɭɞɢɫɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ95 ɭɩɪɚɤɫɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɬɟ ɞɢɫɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ȿɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɛɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɦʁɟɪɢɬɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɲʄɭ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɪɟɞɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɮɪɟɤɮɟɧɰɢʁɨɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɫɰɢʂɟɦɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨɝɨɱɭɜɚʃɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɉɨɥɚɡɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɛɢɪɚʁɭɨɧɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɢɥɢɦɟɬɨɞɟɤɨʁɢɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɦɨɝɭɞɚɢɦɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬ Ɉɜɚɤɨ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɬɟɡɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɯ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚɧɢɯ ɬɟɡɚ ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɭ ɩɭɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɥɫɭ ɬɟ ɪʁɟɱɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɪɟɮɥɟɤɫɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɨɞɝɨɞɢɧɟɚɤɨʁɢɫɟɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɧɚ‘ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɪɨɞɚ’. ɍ ɭɫɤɨʁ ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ Ⱥɪɟɧɞ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ “ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɟ (ɨɧɟ) ɧɟɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢɜɟɡɚɧɟɜɢɲɢɦɩɪɚɜɧɢɦɧɨɪɦɚɦɚɛɟɡʃɢɯɨɜɨɝɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɤɚ.”96 Ɉɧ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɋɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʌɨɬɭɫ ɝɥɚɫɢ ³>ɩ]ɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɬɢɱɭ ɨɞ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɟ ɜɨʂɟ [ɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ@ >ɨ]ɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ (…) ɫɟ 92 Henkin, L., How Nations Behave: Law and Foreign Policy. New York, Columbia Univ. Press, 1979, ɫɬS. 93 Higgins, R., The Development of International Law Through the Political Organs of the United Nations, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1963, ɫɬS. 94 Ibid. 95 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɨɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚ ɭ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ ʁɚɫɧɢɯɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɢɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ 96 Arend, A.J., International Law and the Preemptive Use of Military Force, The Washington Quarterly, 9ROQR  ɫɬS. 25 ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚɬɢ´97 ɂɡɨɜɚɤɜɨɝɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɞɚ, ɚɤɨɞɪɠɚɜɟɨɫʁɟɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɟʃɢɯɨɜɢɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚɧɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɚɧɢɥɢɩɨɬɩɭɧɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɧɟɢɦɚʁɭ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɦ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭ Ʌɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɭɨɜɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɢɩɚɤɧɟɬɪɟɛɚɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚʁɟɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɥɢɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ  ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɧɚɧɨɪɦɚɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ98 ɋɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɩɨɥɚɡɧɨɝɫɚɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɦɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɫɚɫɬɨʁɢɫɟ ɭɬɨɦɟɞɚɫɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɭɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɢɦɚɥɟɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɫɚɦɟɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟɫɜɨʁɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɭ ɩɪɜɨʁ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɢ ȳɟɞɢɧɚ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɦɭɧɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɰɢɩɪɨɰɢɬɟɬɚ ȼɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɦɨʄɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɢɡɜɚɧɚɪɟɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɬɚɤɨɞɚʁɟɡɚɜɟʄɢɧɭɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɜɨ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɜɟ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ  ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɉɪɨɭɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɭ ɪɚɫɜʁɟɬʂɚɜɚʃɭɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɟɢɫɬɢɩɪɭɠɚɤɚɨɢɭɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɭɢɡɚɡɨɜɚɫɚɤɨʁɢɦɚɫɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɫɢɫɬɟɦɫɭɨɱɚɜɚɭɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɞɨɛɚ 97 The case of the S.S. Lotus3&,-6HU$QR ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ ɫɬSɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɨɞ$UHQG$- International Law and the Preemptive Use of Military ForceɫɬS. 98 ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɩɪ ɢ ȳɟɥɢɧɟɤ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɲɤɨɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɨ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ- ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɟ Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɨɜɭ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɨ ɧɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ÄɄɚɞ ɝɨɞ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɫɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦɞɪɠɚɜɟɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɚɫɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɢɭɞɪɭɝɢɩɥɚɧʁɟɪɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɬɨʁɢɜɢɲɟɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɭɜɥɚɞɚɜɢɧɭɩɪɚɜɚ³Allgemeine Staatslehre (3rd ed., 1914) ɫɬS 377. (as translated by Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, Private Law Sources and Analogies of International Law (1927) ɫɬS47. 26 ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɍɉɈȼȿȴɂ ɍȳȿȾɂȵȿɇɂɏɇȺɐɂȳȺ Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɂɡɪɚɞɚɱɥɚɧɚ2(4) ɇɚʁɛɢɬɧɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɢɡɦʁɟɧɢɨ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ ɢ a fortiori, ɧɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɭ ɡɚ ɪɚɬ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɉɪɜɢ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɪʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɀɢɪɨɚ: “La Grande Guerre a boulversé la conception que le monde se faisait antérieurement de la guerre.”99 ɍ ɞɨɛɚ µɬɨɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ’, ɪɚɬɧɢɦ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨ, ɚ ɪɚɬɧɚ ɡɨɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɫɚ ɛɨʁɧɨɝ ɩɨʂɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɫɟɥɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚɋɬɨɝɚʁɟɛɢɥɨɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɞɚɫɟɭɫɝɚɥɚɫɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɧɚ ius ad bellum ɢ ius in bello. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɚɞɢɧɚ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɚ ɢ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ Interbellum100-ɚ, ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ɱɥaɧɚ 2. (4) ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ. ɇɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɤɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɚ ɭ Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɢɡ 1941. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ “ɨɞɪɢɰɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ”101 Ɉɞ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɪɚɬɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɢʁɟ ɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ.102 ɉɪɟɚɦɛɭɥɨɦ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ “ɫɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɚɫɢɥɚɧɟʄɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɬɢɫɟɦɭɨɩɲɬɟɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ.”103 ɂɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɫɟɦɨɠɟɭɨɱɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɉɚɤɬɭȾɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɢɯɢɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɢɯɪɚɬɨɜɚ. ɇɚɞɚʂɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ, ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ.104 Ⱦɪɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɚ ɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɚ– ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ - ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɢɦɚɨ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɟ ɞɚ 99 ”ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɪɚɬ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɪʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɢɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɭʁɟɫɜʁɟɬɭɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢɢɦɚɨɨɪɚɬɭ´Giraud, E., La Théorie de la Légitime Défense, Rec.d.C., 1934, III, ɫɬp. 693. 100 ɉɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɚ ɪɚɬɚ 101 Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ Ⱥɜɚɥɨɧ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ: http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/atlantic.htm ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 102 Wehberg, H., L’Interdiction du Recours à la Force, Rec.d.C., ,ɫɬp. 59; Waldock, C.H.M., The Regulation of the Use of Force of Individual States in International Law, Rec.d.C., 1952, I, ɫɬp. 487; Bowett, Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 146. 103 Waldock, H., op.cit., ɫɬp. 492. 104 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 7. 27 ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ, ɢ, ɤɚɞɚ, ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟɂɡɜɨɪɧɚɢɞɟʁɚɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚɱɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɧɨɫɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ, ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɭʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɞɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭ ɚɪɦɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭ. ɋɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ. Ɂɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ 2(4) ɑɥɚɧ 2 (4) ɝɥɚɫɢ: ɋɜɢ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ, ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ, ɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɩɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɛɢɥɚ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ. Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɱɥɚɧ 2 (4) ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ‘ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ’ɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɬɭ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɉɚɪɢɲɤɢ ɩɚɤɬ, ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɬɚ ɭ ɪɚɬ. ɉɪɟɦɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ, ɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɟɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɢɥɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ, ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɬɨɝ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɟ105, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɚɤɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɢɡɚɥɟ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ‘ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ’ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 51. ɉɨɜɟʂɟ. Ɋɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɢɫɬɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ, Ʉɟɥɫɟɧ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɞɚ “[ɫ]ɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ; ɨɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄɢ.”106 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɢɦ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ʁɟɪ “ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ 2 (4) [ɫɦɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɫɢɥɚ.]”107 Ɍɨ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɥɚɧ 2 (4) ɦɨɠɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ 105 ȼɢɞɢ O’Connell, The Myth of Preemptive Self-Defense, American Society of International Law Presidential Task Force on Terrorism, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ www.asil.org. ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɉɧɚɫɟ inter alia, ɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɚFriendly Relations Declaration, ɤɨʁɨɦʁɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɞɚ ³>ɞ]ɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɞɪɠɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ” ȼɢɞɢ5HɡȽɋ. 2625 (XXV), UN Doc. A/8028.; Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defence, ɫɬS %owett, D., Reprisals Involving the Use of Force, 66 AmɟULFDQ Journal of International Law, 1972, ɫɬp. 1,3. 106 Kelsen, H., Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations., ɫɬp. 784. 107 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 149 28 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ “ipso facto rupture de la paix”, ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 39. ɉɨɜɟʂɟ.108 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɭ 39, ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɰɢɨɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ‘ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ’ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ, inter alia, ‘ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ ɦɢɪɚ.’109 ɉɨɲɬɨ ɱɥɚɧ 2 (4) ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ. ɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɬɨɝ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ, ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ. ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ, ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɍɇ-ɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜʁɟɤ ɫɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɥɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɞ 1648. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. ɂɡ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɢɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɢ ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ. ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 2 (4) ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɟɡɚɧ ɡɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ “ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɩɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ”, ɭɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ. Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ “ɭɝɪɨɡɢɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɨʁɚɱɚɬɢ ɡɚɩɨɜʁɟɫɬ ɧɟɱɢʃɟʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɨɞ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 2 (4).”110 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ, travaux préparatoires111 ɧɚ ɱɥɚɧɭ 2 (4), ɢ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ 1945. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɞɨɩɪɢɧɢʁɟɥɢ ɫɭ ʁɚɫɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ “ɭɜɨɞɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɨɜɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ (…) ɧɢʁɟ ɫɤɪɨʁɟɧ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɟ ɬɢɦ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ.”112 ɑɥɚɧ 2 (4) ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ, ɭ ɫɦɭɫɥɭ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ – ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɚ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ – ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ, ipso facto, ɛɢɬɢ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ 108 Virally, M., “Article 2 (4)”, in Cot, J.P, and Pellet, A., La Charte des Nations Unies, ɫɬS. « rupture de la paix » ɡɧɚɱɢ : ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ ɦɢɪɚ. 109 Kelsen, H., Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations, Am.JIL, 1948, ɫɬp. 788. 110 Waldock, H., op.cit., ɫɬp. 493; Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 150-51. 111 ɉɪɢɩɪɟɦɧɢɪɚɞɨɜɢ 112 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International LawɫɬSɢ.XQ]-³,QGLYLGXDODQG&ROOHFWLYH6HOI- Defense in Article 51 of the UN Charter”, 41 American Journal of International Law  ɫɬS  Gray, C., International Law and the Use of Force, Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2000, ɫɬS%URZnlie, I., International Law and the Use of Force by StatesɫɬS. 29 ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ.113 ɉɪɟɦɚ Ʉɟɥɫɟɧɭ, ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ 2 (4) ɢ 51 ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɱɢɬɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɨ ɭɫɤɥɚɻɟɧɢ ʁɟɪ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɫɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟɦ ɨɩɲɬɟɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ, ʁɟɪ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʃɟɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ.114 ɇɚ ɨɜɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ, ɛɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɚɠʃɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɱɥɚɧɚ 2 (4) ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨɦ ɭ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 39. Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢ ɝɥɚɫɢ: ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɦɢɪɭ, ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɱɢɧɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ 41. ɢ 42. ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɢ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɚ 39. ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɭɨɱʂɢɜɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɲɢɪɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɛɢɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 2 (4). Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɜɨ, ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟɧ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɢɪ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧ ɢ ɨɞ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ. ɇɚɞɚʂɟ, ʃɟɝɨɜ ɨɛɢɦ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ‘ɞʁɟɥɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ’ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɚɬɢ ɫɚ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢɦɚ, ɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɰʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɭ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɢ ɨ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ (ɩɨɞ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɢɦɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ) ɢ, ɤɚɨ ultimum remedium, ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɫɢɥɟ, ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ 39. ɢɦɚ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɬɢ ɦɢɪ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɧ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ 39., ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ 113 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 152. 114 Kelsen, H., “Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations”, 42 Am.JIL, 1948, ɫɬp. 783. 30 ɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɨɦ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ115 ɡɚɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɨʁ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ 2 (4) ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ius cogens116, ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ 51. ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨ. ɉɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨ ɱɥɚɧɚ 51 ɇɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ Ʉɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɭ Ⱦɭɦɛɚɪɬɨɧ Ɉɤɫɭ ɢ ɋɚɧ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɭ, ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɉɨɜɟʂɭ ɭɝɪɚɞɢ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ. ɉɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ, ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɨɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚ ɢɡɪɚɞɟ ɉɚɤɬɚ Ʉɟɥɨɝ-Ȼɪɢɚɧ, ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɝɪɚɻɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɭʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ‘ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚɥɨ’117, ɜɟʄ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ118 ɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɨɞɢɥɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɨʁ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ. ɉɨɤɪɟɬ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧ ɤɚ ɭɜɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɭ ɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɉɨɜɟʂɭ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɜɭɱɟ ɤɨɪɢʁɟɧɟ ɢɡ ȳɭɠɧɟ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ. Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɟɧɬɚ, ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɍɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɑɚɩɭɥɬɟɩɟɤɚ, ɯɬʁɟɥɟɫɭɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ ɍɇ-ɚ119 Ʉɚɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɆɨɧɪɨ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ120 ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ, 115 ɂɫɬɨɪɢʁɚɢɡɪɚɞɟɱɥɚɧɚ 2(4) ɢɞɟɭɩɪɢɥɨɝɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚɞɚɝɚɬɪɟɛɚɲɢɪɨɤɨɫɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ. ȼɢɞɢ Mrazek, J. Prohibition of the Threat and Use of Force, 27, Canadian Yearbook of International Law, 1989, ɫɬp. 86; ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟGray, C., International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬp. 25, 87. 116 ȼɢɞɢ Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits) Nicaragua vs. USA, ICJ. RepɫɬɪɊɟɡɋ.ɛ 502, ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨɫɬɱɥɚɧɚ 2 (4). UN Doc. S/Res/502 (1982). ɋɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɚ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DZ &RPPLVVLRQ  ɭ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢʁɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢ ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɢɨɞɪɟɞɚɛɚɤɨʁɟɛɢɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɟɧɚius in bello, ʁɟɪʁɟɬɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚɫɭɜɢɲɧɢɦɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɫɭɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ 117 Alexandrov, S., Self-Defense against the Use of Force in International Law, ɫɬS. 85. 118 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 184. 119 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪ McDougal, M.S., and Feliciano, F.P., Law and Minimum World Public Order: The Legal Regulation of International Coercion, ɫɬp. 235; Dinstein, Y., op.cit., ɫɬp. 161; Greig, D.W., “Self-Defence and the Security Council; What does Article 51 Require?” 40, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1991, ɫɬp. 370. 120 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law ɫɬS -10. Ɇɨɧɪɨɜɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɛɨɪɛɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɫɬɪɚɧɢɯɡɟɦɚʂɚɭɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɫɬɜɚɪɢʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɉɪɟɞɫɟɞɧɢɤ ɋȺȾ ȹɟʁɦɫ Ɇɨɧɪɨ ɫɟ 1823 ɝɨɞ ɩɨɛɭɧɢɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɟ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟ Ɇɨɧɪɨ ʁɟ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɭ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɚɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɢ ɧɚɱɟɥɚ   ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɚʂɟ ɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟȺɦɟɪɢɤɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɚɟɜɪɨɩɫɤɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɟɫɬɜɚɪɢɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɡʁɚɜɚɞɚ ɋȺȾɧɟʄɟɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɢɫɚɬɢɭɩɨɫɥɨɜɟȿɜɪɨɩɟɈɜɭɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭɫɭɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɚɪɢɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɢɫɜɟɞɨ 31 ɍɝɨɜɨɪɢɡɑɚɩɭɥɬɟɩɟɤɚ ʁɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɨɞɚ“ɫɜɚɤɢɧɚɩɚɞɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɜɪɟɞɢɜɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɟ ȳɭɠɧɨ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɱɤɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ(…), ɫɦɚɬɪɚɫɟɚɤɬɨɦɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɟɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ (…).”121 Ȼɢɥɨʁɟɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɨɞɚɛɢɩɪɟɧɨɫɦɨɧɨɩɨɥɚ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɟɧɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɱɢɧɢɨɫɭɜɢɲɧɢɦɨɜɚɤɜɭɨɞɪɟɞɛɭ ɍɩɨɱɟɬɤɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɮɚɜɨɪɢɡɨɜɚɥɟɫɭɭɜɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟɱɥɚɧɚ. ɭ9,,, ɉɨɝɥɚɜʂɟɉɨɜɟʂɟ, ɚɥɢɡɛɨɝɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚʃɚɡɚɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɢ ɨɬɩɨɪɩɪɟɦɚɧɨɜɨɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬʁɟɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɞɚɫɟɱɥɚɧɭɜɪɫɬɢɧɚ ɤɪɚʁ9,,ɉɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ Ⱦɨɞɚɬɧɢɪɚɡɥɨɝɡɚɭɜɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɉɨɜɟʂɭɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɨɫɟɭ ɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨʁ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɪʁɟɲɢ ɫɩɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ122ɩɚʁɟɛɢɥɨɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨɞɚɫɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɛɟɡ ɢɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɢɥɨɜɚɥɨ ɧɟʁɚɫɧɨʄɚɦɚ ɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɟɭɜɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɛɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɩɨɪɚɡɢɡɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟɰɢʂɟɜɚɢɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢɭɜɢɞɭɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɨɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɦɨɠɟɫɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢɞɚ ʁɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɨɦɞɚʂɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɢɨɛɢɦɢɫɬɨɝ ɩɪɟɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɤɨʁɟʁɟɜɚɠɢɥɨɭ ɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ123 ɋɬɨɝɚ ʁɟɤɚɤɨ ɬɜɪɞɢ Ⱦɟɥɢɜɚɧ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɭ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ “parce qu’ils [Les États-Membres] voulaient systématiser cette notion et limiter son exercise; toute autre interpretation de l’article 51, quand à sa portée, semble devoir aboutir à la consecration d’une véritable fissure de la prohibition de tout recours à la force.”124 1940 ɝɨɞ Ɉɜɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɭ ɫɭɡɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɪ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɰɨɦɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɚɢɫɤʂɭɱɟɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨɁɚɬɨʁɟɩɪɜɚɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɧɚɱɟɥɨ ɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɭɫɬɜɚɪɢ Ⱦɪɚɝɨɜɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ. Ɇɢɥɟɧɤɨ Ʉɪɟʄɚ: ɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁɚɜɧɨɩɪɚɜɨȻɟɨɝɪɚɞ7 ɫɬɪ. 121 ȼɢɞɢInter-American Reciprocal Assistance and Solidarity (Act of Chapultepec ɦɚɪɬȽɥɚɜɚ Iɩɚɪɚɉɪɟɭɡɟɬɨɫɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ Avalon Project at Yale Law School: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/interame.asp, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 122 Delivanis, J., op.cit., ɫɬp. 4. 123 Kenny, K., “Self-Defense”, in Wolfrum, R., (ed.), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, Vol II, Dordrecht: M. Nijhoff Press, 1995, ɫɬp. 1163. 124 ³ʁɟɪɫɭɨɧɟ>ɞɪɠɚɜɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ@ɯɬʁɟɥɟɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɡɨɜɚɬɢɨɜɚʁɩɨʁɚɦɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɬɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɞɪɭɝɨɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɱɥɚɧɚɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭʃɟɝɨɜɨɝɞɨɦɚɲɚʁɚɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɚɦɨɪɚ 32 Ɂɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ 51 ɑɥɚɧɝɥɚɫɢ Ɉɜɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɧɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɻɚ ɧɢ ɭ ɤɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦɚɤɨɝɚɱɥɚɧɚɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɫɜɟɞɨɤɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɆʁɟɪɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɨɞɱɥɚɧɨɜɚɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɭɜɪɲɟʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɛɢʄɟɨɞɦɚɯɫɚɨɩɲɬɟɧɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɧɟʄɟ ɧɢɧɚɤɨʁɢɧɚɱɢɧɞɨɜɨɞɢɬɢɭɩɢɬɚʃɟɨɜɥɚɲʄɟʃɚɢɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɨɜɨʁɉɨɜɟʂɢɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɭɫɜɚɤɨɞɨɛɚɚɤɰɢʁɭɤɨʁɭɛɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɉɪɜɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ʁɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ʁɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ‘ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨ ɍɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɨɦʁɟɡɢɤɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɚʁɟɫɢɧɬɚɝɦɚ inherent right¶ɲɬɨ ɛɢɫɟɞɨɫɥɨɜɧɨɩɪɟɜɟɥɨɤɚɨ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨɤʁɟɫɪɩɫɤɢɩɪɟɜɨɞɛɥɢɠɢɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨʁ ɜɟɪɡɢʁɢɝɞʁɟɫɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɨ‘droit naturel.’125 Prima facie, ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɚɨɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɜɟɡɚɧʁɟɡɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɢʁɟɤɚɢɥɢɱɚɤɢɡɚ ɫɬɚɪɢʁɟɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɤɚɤɨ ʁɟɬɨɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɭɭɜɨɞɧɢɦɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɢɦɚɨɜɟ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ126 Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ʁɟɦɟɻɭɬɢɦɨɩɲɬɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɞɚɫɟɨɜɚʁɢɡɪɚɡɬɭɦɚɱɢɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɚɠɢɥɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ127 ɞɨɫɟɝɧɭɬɢɞɨɫɭɩɬɢɥɧɟɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɤɨʁɭɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ´Delivanis, J., op.cit ɫɬp. 50; Kenny., K., op.cit., stp. 1164. 125 ɄɚɨɤɨɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝɢɥɢɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭʁɚɜʂɚɫɟɢÄɋɬɢɦɫɨɧɨɜɚɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ³ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ³ Ɉɜɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚʁɟɧɚɡɜɚɧɚɩɨɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɦɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɭɜɚʃɫɤɢɯɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɏɟɧɪɢʁɭɋɬɢɦɫɨɧɭɚɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɚʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟʁɚɩɚɧɫɤɟɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟɆɚɧʇɭɪɢʁɟɧɚɫʁɟɜɟɪɨɢɫɬɨɤɭɄɢɧɟɭɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟ ȼɢɲɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭBin Cheng, Georg (FRW) Schwarzenberger, General principles of law as applied by international courts and tribunals. Cambridge University Press, 2006. 126 ȼɢɞɢʁɨɲ Cassese, A., “Article 51”, in Cot, J.P, and Pellet, A. (eds.), La Charte des Nations Unies, ɫɬp. 785-6, ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɢɫɤɭɬɭʁɟ ɨ ɬɟɡɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɋɋɊ-ɚ; Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 185. 127 Bryde, B.O., “Self-Defence”, in Bernhardt, R., (ed.), Ecyclopedia of Public International Law, ɫɬp. 363; Brownlie, I., “International Law and the Use of Force by States revisited,” Dinstein, Y., op.cit.,ɫɬp. 163. 33 Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚɭɬɜɪɞɢɨʁɟɞɚ “ɬɟɲɤɨʁɟɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɬɢɞɚ [‘ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ’ ɢɥɢ ‘ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨ’ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ] ɦɨɠɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟɝɨɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ.”128 Ɉɜɚɤɜɢɦɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɦɫɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɱɜɪɲʄɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɟɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭɞɚ ³>ɩ]ɪɚɜɧɨ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɟ (…) ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɭɨɤɜɢɪɭɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ.”129 ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɨɝɦɨɠɟɫɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢɞɚ ʁɟȽɭɞɯɚɪɬɛɢɨɭɩɪɚɜɭɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚ³>ɞ]ɪɠɚɜɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɤɚɞɚɫɟɫɥɭɠɟɫɜɨʁɢɦɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɟ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɢɦ ɨɧɚ ɩɨɤɥɨʃɟɧɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɉɨɜɟʂɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ; ɨɧɚɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɢɡɜɨɪɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ.”130 ɂɚɤɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨɞ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ʁɨɲ ɭɜʁɟɤ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɟɜɨɥɭɢɪɚɱɥɚɧɢɦɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɱɚɤɢ ɚɤɨɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɧɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɨ ʁɟ ɢ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɨʁɢɢɫɬɢɱɟɞɚ “[ɧ]ɟɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ (…) ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢɞɚɱɥɚɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɭ ɤɨʁɚ ‘ʄɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɞɠɢɜʁɟɬɢ’ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ. ȵɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚ ɞɚ (…) ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɨɫɚɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɦɩɪɚɜɨɦ”131 Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɢ ɨɛɢɦɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝɉɨɜɟʂɨɦɦɨɪɚ ɩɨʄɢ ɨɞɢɡɪɚɡɚ µɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ,’ ɤɨʁɢ ɥɟɠɢɭ ɫɪɰɭɱɥɚɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɟɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨʁɚɫɚɧɩɚɧɢʁɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɞɚʂɟɟɥɚɛɨɪɢɫɚʃɟ132 Ⱦɚɛɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɟɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɥɨ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ɪɚɞɢɬɢ ɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ ɩɪɢ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɞɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɢ  ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ133 Ⱦɚʂɚ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɡ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɨɦɝɥɚɫɢ‘agression armée’,134 ɲɬɨɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɬɨɞɚɫɟ 128 Nicaragua case, Merits (Nicaragua vs. United States) ICJ Reports (1986), 94. 129 Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defense., ɫɬp. 163. 130 Goodhart, A., “The North Atlantic Treaty of 1949”, Rec.d.C. (1951, II), ɫɬp. 187. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭBowett, D. Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 185. ɂɩɚɤ ɏɚɥɛɟɪɫɬɚɦ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 51. ɞɚʁɟ ɚɮɢɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɚɧɟɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ. ȼɢɞɢ Halberstam, op.cit., ɫɬp. 239. 131 Nicaragua case, 94, 95 132 Alexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 96. 133 ȼɢɞɢɤɪɚɬɤɭɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭɨɬɨɦɟibidɫɬp. 97-99. 134 ³ɨɪɭɠɚɧɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɚ´Bryde, B.O., op.citɫɬp. 362. 34 ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɟɤɚɤɨɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚɫɚ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɚɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɚɫɟɫɩɨɦɢʃɭɭɱɥɚɧɭ. ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ Ɇɚʁɤɥ Ɋɟɢɡɦɚɧ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɂɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɭ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ (UN Report on the Question of Defining Aggression) ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ, “ɦɚɞɚ ɬɨ(…) ɧɢʁɟɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɞɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚÄɞʁɟɥɨɧɚɩɚɞɚ³ɢɞɚɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦ”135 ɂɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɟ µɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ¶ɢɡɱɥɚɧɚ ɫɚ µɞʁɟɥɨɦɧɚɩɚɞɚ¶ɢɡɱɥɚɧɚ ɞɨɜɟɥɨɛɢɞɨɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɚɨɛɢɦɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɱɥɚɧɚɜɚɧɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɭɧɭɬɚɪɤɨʁɢɯʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɌɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨɦ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɚ ɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ136 Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜʁɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨɞɚ“[e@ɥɚɛɨɪɢɫɚʃɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɚʁɟɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɱɥɚɧɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɧɟɝɨɪɚɞɢɪɚɫɜʁɟɬʂɢɜɚʃɚɨɛɢɦɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭɱɥɚɧɭ”137 ɉɨɪɟɞɬɨɝɚɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟɫɟ138 ɞɚµɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ’ (Definition of Aggression) ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɧɚɊɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɤɥɚɭɡɭɥɭɩɨɤɨʁɨʁ ³>ɧ]ɢɲɬɚɭɨɜɨʁɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɢɫɟɧɟʄɟɫɯɜɚɬɢɬɢɤɚɨɞɚɧɚɦɚɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɭʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɠɚɜɚ ɨɛɢɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚɤɚɞɚ ʁɟɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟ”139 ɍɢɫɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɭɦɥɢɫɚɧɚɠɟʂɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɍɇ-ɚɞɚÄɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (…) ɛɢɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ 135 Reisman, W.M., “Allocating Competences to Use Coercion in the Post-Cold War World: Practices, Conditions and Prospects”, in Damrosch, L.F., and Scheffer, D.(eds.), Law and Force in the New International Order, %RXOGHU&RORUDGR:HVWYLHZ3UHVVɫɬp. 36. 136 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪ Higgins, R., “The Legal Limits to the Use of Force by Sovereign States: UN Practice”, BYIL 1961, ɫɬp. 277; Dinstein, Y., op.cit., ɫɬp. 166. 137 Alexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 113. 138 Combacau, J., “The Exception of Self-Defence in UN Practice” in Cassese, A., (ed.), The Current Regulation of the Use of Force0DUWLQXV1LMKRII3XEOLVKHUV'RUGUHFKWɫɬS 139 GA res. 3314 (XX), UN Doc. A/9631, ɱɥ.. 6. Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɚ ɱɟɫɬɨɫɟɰɢɬɢɪɚɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚɜɨʁɧɢɦɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚɢɚɤɨɫɚɦɚɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɧɟɦɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɭɭʄɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɡɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɢɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨɝɪɚɬɚ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɩɪɨɬɢɜɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚ  Ⱥɝɪɟɫɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɤɚɨ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦɞɨɩɭɲɬɚʃɟɞɪɭɝɢɦɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɞɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɫɜɨʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɚɛɢɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɱɢɧ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟ ɱɢɧ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟȺɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɢɪɚɬ ɫɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟɤɚɨ ɫɟɪɢʁɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯɚɤɚɬɚɭɱɢʃɟɧɚɫɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦɧɚɦʁɟɪɨɦ Ɍɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɢ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɧɨɝɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚ ɫɭɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɤɨʁɟ ɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɟɧɚɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɢɯɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɧɟʁɚɫɧɟɞɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɤɨʁɢɧɢɜɨɭɦʁɟɲɚɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɢʃɟɧɭɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɞɚɫɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɧɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɇȺɌɈȼɚɪɲɚɜɫɤɢɩɚɤɬɭɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɬɟɞɚɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɧɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚɡɚɱɢɧɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟȼɢɞɢɧɩɪIngrid Detter Delupis, The Law of War, Cambridge University Press, 2000ɫɬp. 69-70. 35 ɞɚ (…) ɜɨɞɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ µɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɢ  ɤɚɨ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ.”140 ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢɧɚɭɦɭɲɢɪɨɤɭɞɢɫɤɪɟɰɢʁɭ ɞɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɞ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɲɚɧɫɟ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɩɪɚɬɢ ɭɩɭɬɫɬɜɚ ɢɡ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ 141 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨ ʁɟ Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ  ɤɨɞ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ 51.142 ɉɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɨɛɢɦɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɫɟɞɚɱɥɚɧɬɪɟɛɚɱɢɬɚɬɢɤɚɨɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɨɞɱɥɚɧɚ 2 (4).143 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜɫɬɚɜʁɟɭɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɫɚɨɧɢɦɤɨʁɢɬɜɪɞɢɞɚɫɟɬɚɞɜɚɱɥɚɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɫɨɛɧɨ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɦɢɪɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ,144 ɧɢɬɢ ɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ “ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɛɥɚɠɚɨɞɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ.”145 ɇɚɦʁɟɪɚɫɬɪɚɧɚɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɛɭɞɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɢɡɲɢɪɨɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɤɨʁɢɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɱɥɚɧ 2 (4). Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɱɢɬɚʃɟɱɥɚɧɚ51, ɲɬɨ ʁɟɦɨɬɢɜɢɫɧɚɨɠɟʂɨɦɞɚ ɫɟɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢ ɟɫɤɚɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɟ.146 Ɍɚɤɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ “ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɛɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɱ.”147 Ⱦɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɱɢɬɚʃɟʁɟɞɢɧɨɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɬɚɤɨɻɟɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢɢɡɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚʁɟɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɨɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɦʁɟɪɚ,148 ɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɟ 140 GA res. 3314 (XX), UN Doc. A/9631 141 Ⱥɥɟɤɫɚɧɞɪɨɜ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɟ ‘ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ’ ɭ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ 3314 ɜɟɨɦɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɩɨʁɦɭ ‘ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ’ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ 51. ȼɢɞɢ op.cit., ɫɬp. 114. 142 Nicaragua case, 103. 143 Cassese, A., “Article 51”, in Cot, J.P., and Pellet, A., La Charte des Nations Unies., ɫɬp. 775. 144 Mrazek, J., op.cit., ɫɬp. 97. 145 Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defense., ɫɬp. 167. Ȼɨɜɟɬɬɜɪɞɢɤɚɞɚɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨɜɨɩɢɬɚʃɟɞɚ ɫɭɧɟɧɚɫɢɥɧɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɭɡɟɜɲɢ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɦɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɬɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɟɩɪɟɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɢȼɢɞɢ Bowett, Self-Defence in International LawɫɬS. 146 *$5HV% 9 81'RF$ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭ%RZHWW' Self-Defence in International LawɫɬS ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ.HQQ\.³6HOI-Defence”, in Wolfrum, R., op.citɫɬS. 147 Combacau, J., “The Exception of Self-Defence in UN Practice” in Cassese, A., (ed.), op.citɫɬS Gray, C., International Law and the Use of ForceɫɬS. 148 ȼɢɞɢ'LQK14³/D/pJLWLPH'pIHQVHG¶DSUqVOD&KDUWHGHV1DWLRQV8QLHV´Revue générale de droit international public.ɫɬS-2; Alexandrov, S., op.citɫɬS-5; Schrijver, N., “Responding to International Terrorism: Moving the Frontiers of International Law for `Enduring Freedom'?”, 44, Netherlands International Law Review, 2001, ɫɬp. 281; Bryde, B.O., “Self-Defense”, Encyclopedia of Public International Law, ɫɬp. 362. 36 ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɦɨɠɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɬɢɢɥɢʁɟʃɟɝɨɜɪɚɞɛɥɨɤɢɪɚɧ149 ɋɥɭɱɚʁɤɚɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɦɨɠɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɬɢɨɞɧɨɫɢɫɟɧɚɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɭɠɢɬɢ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɢ  ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɞɚɬɨɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɍ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɛɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɜɨ ɥɢɲɢɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɭʃɟɧɢɯɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɢɯɩɪɚɜɚɢɬɚɞɚɧɢɤɨɧɟɫɩɨɪɢɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ. ɉɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɱɥɚɧɚ 51.150 ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ “ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɟɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɢɡɜɚɧɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɨɞɪɠɚʃɚɦɢɪɚ.”151 Ɉɩɲɬɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɱɥɚɧ  ɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɱɢɬɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɟ ɒɜɟɛɟɥ“ɚɤɨɢɫɚɦɨɚɤɨ”152 ɞɨɻɟɞɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ.153 Ʉɚɨʁɟɞɚɧɨɞɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ Ʉɚɪɨɥɢɧ  ɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɞɚ “ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ>ɤɚɞɚʁɟɧɚɩɚɞ] ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɢɤɚɞɚɧɟɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɛɨɪɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɢɧɟɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɡɚɩɪɨɦɢɲʂɚʃɟ”154ɚɤɨʁɢɫɟɱɟɫɬɨɰɢɬɢɪɚ ɤɚɨɢɡɜɨɪɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɤɨɞɩɢɬɚʃɚɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨ ɱɟɦɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɭ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɨʁ ɝɥɚɜɢ Ɉ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ȼɚɥɞɨɤ ɬɜɪɞɢ: “[ɝ]ɞʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɨ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɨ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɝɨɢɨɧɚɩɚɞɭɤɨʁɢʁɟɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɡɚɩɨɱɟɨɨɧɞɚɫɟɦɨɠɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɚɤɨɧɢʁɟɩɪɟɲɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ”155 Ⱥɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɬɚɤɜɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɈ Ʉɨɧɟɥɧɚɥɚɡɢɞɚ [ɧ]ɚɩɚɞɦɨɪɚɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢɢɥɢɦɨɪɚɜɟʄɛɢɬɢɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɞɚɛɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɨɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɋɜɚɤɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ 149 ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ    ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ex post ɨɞɨɛɪɟɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɡɟɦɚʂɚɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɭɬɨʁɡɟɦʂɢɉɪɟɦɚɬɟɤɫɬɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ “ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɯɜɚʂɭʁɟECOWAS ɡɛɨɝɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɩɨɪɚɭɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭɦɢɪɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢɭ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɢ³65HV 150 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪDelivanis., op.citɫɬp. 55. 151 Waldock, H., op.citɫɬpɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭAlexandrov, S., op.citɫɬp. 104. 152 ȼɢɞɢ Schwebel, S., diss.op. Nicaragua case, at 347-8. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭ Alexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 144; Mullerson, R., "Self Defense in the Contemporary World", in Damrosch, L., and Scheffer, D. (eds), op.cit., ɫɬp. 17. 153 ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɱɥ  Ɋɟɡ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɛɪ. 3314. ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟBryde, B.O., op.cit., ɫɬp. 362. 154 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɭ Jennings, R., “The Caroline and McLeod Cases”, 32, Amercian Journal of International Law, 1938, ɫɬp. 89. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭ Alexandrov,S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 20. 155 Waldock, H, op.cit., ɫɬp. 498. 37 ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɇɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɫɚɦɨɩɪɨɤɥɚɦɨɜɚɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɞɚ ɫɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɟɞɪɭɝɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɡɛɨɝɫɬɪɚɯɚɞɚɢɫɬɚɩɪɚɜɢɩɥɚɧɨɜɟɢɥɢɪɚɡɜɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɨ ɭ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɯɢɩɨɬɟɬɢɱɤɨʁ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɢ.156 ɍɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜ ɪɚɞ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚɧ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɟ ɭɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɭɫɜɪɧɭɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɜɢɥɟɝɨɜɚɧɭ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ - ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ. ɉɨɲɬɨʁɟɥɨɝɢɱɧɨɞɚɫɜɚɤɚ‘ɨɛɢɱɧɚ’ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɛɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɛɢɧɟɥɨɝɢɱɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɜɨɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɚɤɨɲɬɨ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚʁɭ ɪɚɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɟɬɚ ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɟɬɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ 27. ɉɨɜɟʂɟ 157 ɛɢɦɨɝɥɚɧɚɬɚʁɧɚɱɢɧɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɢɬɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɫɟɢɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ Ʉɚɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨɞɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɤɚɞɚɫɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɨɩɟɬ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɱɢɦɟʁɟɡɧɚɱɚʁɱɥɚɧɚɭɜɟʄɚɧ.158 ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɨ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɞɚɫɟɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɭɜɪɲɟʃɭɩɪɚɜɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɨɞɦɚɯɫɚɨɩɲɬɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɉɜɨ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɤɪɨɡ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɜʂɢɜɚɥɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ159 ɇɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɩɨɲɬɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɫɥɚɛɢ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɋɜɟ ɞɨ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɂɪɚɤɚ ɢɂɪɚɧɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɨɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨ ɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ160 ɆɟɻɭɬɢɦɨɞɨɞɥɭɤɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ µɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ¶ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɱɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɢʁɚɜʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ µɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɨɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɨɦ¶161 ɋɭɞ ʁɟ 156 O’Connell, M., op.cit., ɫɬp. 5. 157 ɑɥɚɧ  ɫɬɚɜ  ɝɥɚɫɢ “Ɉɞɥɭɤɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɞɨɧɨɫɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɧɢɦɝɥɚɫɨɜɢɦɚɞɟɜɟɬɱɥɚɧɨɜɚɭɛɪɚʁɚʁɭʄɢɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɟɝɥɚɫɨɜɟɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ (…)” 158 Higgins, R., “The Legal Limits to the Use of Force by Sovereign States: UN Practice”, ɫɬp. 297; ɜɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ Schachter, O., “United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict”, 85, Amercian .Journal of International Law, 1991, ɫɬp. 459. 159 Combacau, J., “The Exception of Self-Defence in UN Practice” in Cassese, A., (ed.), op.cit, ɫɬp. 15. 160 Gray, C., International Law and the Use of Force., ɫɬp. 85. 161 Greig, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 380. ɈɧɨɜɞɟɰɢɬɢɪɚȾɢɧɫɬɟʁɧɚ. 38 ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɢɚɤɨɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚʃɟɦʁɟɪɚ“ɧɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɡɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ, (…) ɡɚ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ.”162 Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɜʁɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢʁɨɦ “ɬɜɪɞʃɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ.”163 ɉɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɫɟɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟɭɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɤɨɞ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɲɬɨ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɨ ɭɧɚɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɝɥɚɜɢɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɬɢɧɚɩɢɬɚʃɭɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɨɰʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɍɥɨɝɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɌɨɤɨɦɄɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟɭɋɚɧɎɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɋɋɋɊ-ɚɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢɫɭɫɬɚɜɞɚ ɫɚɦɨɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɦɨɠɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɫɚɬɢɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ164 ȵɢɯɨɜRɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɩɨɤɥɚɩɚɫɟɫɚɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɨɦɤɨʁɢʁɟɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɭ Ⱦɭɦɛɚɪɬɨɧ Ɉɤɫɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ “ɞɚ ɥɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɫɢɥɭ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ”165 ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɤɨʁɢɫɟɨɜɞɟʁɚɜɚʂɚɫɚɫɬɨʁɢɫɟɭɬɨɦɟ ɞɚɫʁɟɞɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɬɪɟɛɚɞɚ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɧɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɩɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɋɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɬɢʁɟɥɚʁɟconditio sine qua non ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɍ ɧɚʁɦɚʃɭ ɪɭɤɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɞɚɫɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɟɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɢɫɦɚɬɪɚ‘ɭɪɨɻɟɧɢɦ’ ɧɚɜɟɥɚʁɟ ɦɧɨɝɟɚɭɬɨɪɟɞɚɭɫɜɨʁɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɤɨʁɟʁɟɮɨɪɭɦɥɢɫɚɨɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɎɪɟɧɤɤɨʁɟɝɥɚɫɢ ³>ɩ]ɪɟɦɚɱɥɚɧɭ 51., ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚʁɟɩɪɚɜɨɤɨʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɠɟɢɥɢɧɟɦɨɪɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢ ɱɟɦɭ ɭɠɢɜɚ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɭ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɰɢʁɭ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɨɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ”166 ɢ ɞɚ “ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɢʁɟɩɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɭɩɪɚɜɭɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦɭɫɥɨɜɭɞɚɫɟɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ 162 Nicaragua case, at 105. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɭ Alexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 147. 163 Gray, C., International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬp. 90. ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ Greig, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 369; Dinstein, Y., op.cit., ɫɬS. 189-90. 164 Delivanis, J., La Légitime Défense en Droit International Public Moderne, ɫɬp. 47. 165 Alexandrov., S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 79. 166 Franck, T., ‘Terrorism and the Right to Self-Defense’, 95, American Journal of International Law, 2001, ɫɬp. 840. 39 ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚ ɫɟɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɤɪɢɜɢɥɚɧɚɩɚɞ”167 Ⱦɚɛɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɦɚɥɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɫɦɢɫɚɨɢ“pour éviter [d]es abus”, ɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ “soumis à un contrôle a posteriori.”168 Ɉɜɨ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ “ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ”169 Ⱦɚɛɢɢɡɛʁɟɝɚɨɭɩɥɢɬɚʃɟɭɜɟɨɦɚɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɟɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ, ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɫɟɨɛɢɱɧɨɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɨɞɞɚɜɚʃɚɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɩɨɨɜɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭ170 ɚʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɥɟɠɢ ɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɥɨ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɨ ɧɚɩɚɞ171 ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɫɬɨʁɟɧɚɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɭɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɜɨɝɦɚɧɞɚɬɚ, ɚ ɱɢʁɭʁɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɭɢɦɨɦɟɧɚɬɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɚɤɨɪɢɫɧɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ Mʁɟɪɟɧɚɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɧɟɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ ɋɜɚɤɚɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɡɚɜɢɫɢɨɞɬɨɝɚɞɚɥɢ ʁɟ ³ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦɚ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɢɪɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɟɦɢɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ´ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɉɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɭɫɜɨʁɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɭ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɭɢɥɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦ ɦɨɠɟ³ɩɨɡɜɚɬɢɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɚɫɩɨɪɪɢʁɟɲɟ[ɦɢɪɧɢɦ] ɩɭɬɟɦ.” Ʉɚɨɲɬɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ, ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨɝɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɡɚɦɢɪɧɨɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ɭ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ɞɟɮɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɢɦɚ Ⱦɪɭɲɬɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɞɚ 167 Ibid., ɫɬp. 842. 168 Äɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɥɟ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ³ ɢ Äɩɨɞɜɪɝɧɭɬɨ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨʁ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ³ȼɢɞɢ Delivanis, J., op.cit., ɫɬp. 57; ɬɚɤɨɻɟ Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 274-5; Dinh, N.Q., op.cit., ɫɬp. 231. 169 Gray, C., International Law and the Use of Force, p. 88; Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 273. 170 Gray, C., International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬp. 85. 171 Bowett, D.,, Self-Defence in International Law ɫɬp. 20-21. 40 Ⱥɤɨɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɨɧɨɫɢɨɞɥɭɤɭɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚɢɡɱɥɚɧɚɬɚɨɞɥɭɤɚ ʁɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɚɡɚɫɜɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɱɥɚɧɚɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɚɞɚ >ɱ]ɥɚɧɨɜɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɨɞɥɭɤɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɨɜɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ ɍɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɫɜɚɤɚɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɦʁɟɪɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦ“ɧɟʄɟ ɞɢɪɚɬɢɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɟɢɥɢɩɨɥɨɠɚʁ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ.” Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɱɚɤɢɭɨɧɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɤɚɞɚɫɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɜɚɧɫɧɚɝɟ. 172 ɂɫɬɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟɢɤɨɞɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɦʁɟɪɚɢɡɱɥɚɧɚ 41. ɤɨʁɢɝɥɚɫɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɤɨʁɟʄɟɫɟɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢɬɢɪɚɞɢɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɬɢ ɩɨɡɢɜ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚɡɟ ɬɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ Ɉɜɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɩɭɧ ɢɥɢ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɚɧ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢ ɠɟʂɟɡɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɦɨɪɤɢɯ ɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɢɯ ɩɨɲɬɚɧɫɤɢɯ ɬɟɥɟɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɪɚɞɢɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɧɢɯ ɜɟɡɚ ɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯɨɞɧɨɫɚ Ɉɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɧɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɚɨɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɟɫɭɫɰɢʂɟɦɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɟʃɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɢɥɢɤɚɞɚɫɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɫɭɤɨɛɜɟʄɞɨɝɨɞɢɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɟʁɟɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɞɚµɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɨɪɭɠɚɜɟɫɢɥɟ¶ ɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟɞɚɛɢɫɬɚɜɢɥɟɜɚɧ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɩɪɟɡɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɦ ɪɚɞɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɪɛɢɬɨɦɨɝɥɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɞʁɟɥɨɧɚɩɚɞɚ173 172 Dinh, N.Q., op.citɫɬp. 234. 173Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 264. 41 Ɇʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ ɍɬɟɨɪɢʁɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɩɪɚɜɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɤɨɞ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɱɥɚɧɚɭ ɜɟɡɢɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦɑɥɚɧɝɥɚɫɢ Ⱥɤɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɟ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ  ɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɟɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɟɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɟ ɤɚɨɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɟɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɢɦ ɩɨɦɨɪɤɫɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɜɨɡɟɦɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɢɦ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɚɤɜɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɢɦ ɩɨɦɨɪɤɫɢɦ ɢ ɫɭɜɨɡɟɦɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ Ʉɚɞɚɫɟɨɜɟɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɫɬɚɜɟɭɨɞɧɨɫ ɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦʁɚɫɧɨʁɟɞɚɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɞɥɚɠɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ ɝɭɛɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɧɟɤɚ ɨɞ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨɩɢɬɚʃɟɤɨʁɟɫɟɨɜɞɟɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɟɤɨɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟɲɬɚɫɭµɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟ¶ɢɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɟ ɞɚ ɞɢ ɫɟ µɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɢɥɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ¶ ɉɪɟɦɚ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧ Ƚɪɟʁ “ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚ [ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɧɢɰɚ] ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɛɭɞɟɨɜɥɚɲɬɟɧɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟɞɚɥɢɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɨɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɜɚɧɫɧɚɝɟɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ”174 Ɉɜɚɤɜɨɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢɢɡ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨɝɱɢɬɚʃɚɉɨɜɟʂɟ.175 ɇɚɤɨɧɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɚɫɚȾɪɭɲɬɜɨɦ ɧɚɪɨɞɚɫɜɢɫɭɨɫʁɟɬɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɞɚɫɟɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɬɢʁɟɥɨɲɬɨʁɟɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨɢɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨ176 Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟɢɫɬɢɱɟɞɚɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɨɩɚɫɧɨ“(…) ɞɚɫɟɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɞɪɠɚɜɢɤɨʁɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢɞɚɛɭɞɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɫɭɞɢʁɚɨɬɨɦɟɞɚɥɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟ[ʁɟɪɬɨ ɦɨɠɟ] ɫɬɜɨɪɢɬɢɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɝɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɭɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ”177 ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ Ȼɨɜɟɬ ³>ʁ]ɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ, ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨɫɬ, ɫɜɚɤɨ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ (…) ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ 174 Gray, C., International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬp. 93; Alexandrov, S., op.cit., ɫɬp. 105. 175 ȼɢɞɢ Chayes, A., “The Use of Force in the Persian Gulf”, in Damrosch, L., and Scheffer, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 5. 176 ɆɟɻɭɚɭɬɨɪɟɤɨʁɢɡɚɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭɫɧɚɠɧɭɫɭɩɟɪɜɢɡɢʁɭɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɫɩɚɞɚʁɭBowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 262; Delivanis, J., op.cit., ɫɬp. 56. 177 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬS 196. 42 ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ”178 ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɏɚɥɛɟɪɫɬɚɦɫɦɚɬɪɚɞɚ ʁɟɨɜɚɤɜɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɭɫɦɢɫɥɭɞɚ ʁɟɭ ɋɚɧ Ɏɪɚɧɰɢɫɤɭ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟ ɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɭ ɞɟɪɨɝɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ179 ɇɚɠɚɥɨɫɬɢɩɨɪɟɞɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɱɚɤɢɤɚɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɨɧɟɫɟɨɞɥɭɤɭɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɚɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ “ɧɟ ɩɨɦɚɠɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɪʁɟɲɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɫɤɟ ɧɟʁɚɫɧɨʄɟ ɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ.”180 ɇɚɞɚʂɟɭɜɟʄɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚʁɟɜɟɨɦɚɬɟɲɤɨɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɤɨʁɟɩɪɜɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɱɟɫɬɨɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɟɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɫɭɤɨɛɬɜɪɞɟɞɚɫɭɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɦɚ ɥɨɝɢɤɟ181 ɉɨɲɬɨ ɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɜɪɲɟɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɭɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɬɢ ɜɟɡɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ Ȼɨɜɟɬɚ ³>ɩ]ɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɚɥɢ (…) ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɨɧɨɝ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɤɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɚɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ”182 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɚɤ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨʁ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɧɚɪɢʁɟɱɢ‘ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɚ.’ Ɍɪɚɠɟʄɢɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɡɚɨɜɚɤɨɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɭɬɟɡɭɢɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɫɟɞɚ ʁɟɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ µɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢɦ¶ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɦ ɫɪɰɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɤɚɞɚɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ183 ɍɬɨɦɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɜɚɠɢɥɚ ɡɚ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɏɥɚɞɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɝɥɚɫɢ “[ɚ]ɤɨ ʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɧɟɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɨ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɫɬɢ 178 Ibid., ɫɬp. 197. 179 Halberstam, M., op.cit., ɫɬp. 242. 180 Gray, C., International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬp. 89. 181 Combacau, J., “The Exception of Self-Defence in UN Practice” in Cassese, A., (ed.), The Current Regulation of the Use of Force,ɫɬ p. 19, 21.ɍɨɜɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɄɨɦɛɚɤɭɩɨɦɢʃɟµȻɢɡɟɪɬ¶ɚɮɟɪɭɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟɢɌɭɧɢɫɚɢɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭɭɄɚɲɦɢɪɭɝɞʁɟɫɭɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɟɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ 182 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law, ɫɬp. 195. 183 Kelsen, H., “Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations.”, ɫɬp. 793 and Kelsen, H., The Law of the United Nations, ɫɬp. 802-3; Zourek, “La Notion de la Légitime Défense”, 56 Ann.IDI (1975), ɫɬp. 50-51; Gardner, R., “Commentary on the Law of Self-Defense”, in Damrosch, L., and Scheffer, D. (eds.), op.cit., ɫɬp. 49-50. 43 ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ, (…) ɧɟɦɨɠɟɫɟɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢɨɞɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭʄɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɢɥɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɞa ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɢɞɚʂɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ.”184 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭȻɨɜɟɬɚ“(…) ɞɚɥɢɫɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɧɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɚɧɧɚɱɢɧ (…) [ɬɚɤɨɞɚ] ɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢɢɦɚʁɭ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɞɨɧɟɫɭ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɭɨɞɥɭɤɭɨ ɬɨɦɟ“185 ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɭɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟɦ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɱɟɝɚɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢ“(…) ɞɚɧɢʁɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ (…) ɭɫɜɨʁɢɬɢɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭɞɚɛɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɛɢɥɚ ɥɢɲɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɫɢɥɟ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ”186 Ɉɜɞʁɟ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɨɩɫɟɪɜɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɭ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɧɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɒɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɢ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɬɢ Ʉɟɥɫɟɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨ ɞɚ ³>ɩ]ɨɲɬɨ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɱɚɧɩɨʁɦɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ, ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɠɟɞɚ ɛɢɪɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɬɟ ɞɜɢʁɟɨɩɰɢʁɟ”187 ɒɢɪɨɤɨɞɢɫɤɪɟɰɢɨɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɭɜɪɫɬɭɦʁɟɪɚɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚɦɭɞɚɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɟɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟɭɤɨʁɢɦɚɩɨɞɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɛɢɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɟɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟɨɜɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɭɫɥɢɱɧɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɇɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɞɪɭɝɢɦɝɞʁɟ ɫɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɚɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɜɟɬɚ ɨɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚʁɭ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɫɭɻɭʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɫ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɒɬɚɜɢɲɟɢɤɚɞɚɫɟɫɥɨɠɢɦɨɫɚɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɨɦ ɞɚɩɟɬɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɢɦɚʁɭɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɨʁɟʁɟ ɲɢɪɟɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɧɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɜɟɬɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ʁɚɜʂɚʁɭɤɚɞɚɩɪɟɦɚɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚɊɢɜɤɢɧɚ 184 Chayes, A., “The Use of Force in the Persian Gulf”, in Damrosch, L., and Scheffer, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 6. 185 Bowett, D., Self-Defence in International Law , ɫɬp. 196. 186 Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defense, ɫɬp. 189. ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɨ ɭ Rostow, E., “Until What? Enforcement Action or Collective Self-Defense?”, 85, American .Journal of International Law, 1991, ɫɬp. 512. ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ Schachter, O., “United Nations Law in the Gulf Conflict”, 85, American .Journal of International Law, 1991, ɫɬp. 458; Dinh, N.Q., op.cit., ɫɬp. 234. 187 Kelsen, H., “Collective Security and Collective Self-Defense under the Charter of the United Nations.”, ɫɬp. 788. 44 ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɜʁɟɪɭʁɟɞɚɫɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɟɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɛɢɥɟɚɞɟɤɬɜɚɬɧɟɡɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦɢɪɚ – ɢɱɚɤɢɤɚɞɫɟɫɜɢɯɩɟɬɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɨɠɢ ɫɚ ɬɢɦ – ɚɥɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɠɪɬɜɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɬɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ [ɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ] ɧɢɲɬɚɭɉɨɜɟʂɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ [ɲɬɨ] ɛɢ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɪɚɞʃɟ ɭ ɫɜɪɯɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɡɨɜɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɟɡɟɦʂɟɭɩɨɦɨʄ.188 Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɦɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɭ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɤɚɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɲʄɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɟɬ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɍ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɫɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦɫɢɥɟɱɢɧɢɥɚɛɢɬɨɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɚɩɨɫɬɚɥɚɛɢɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨɢɫɚɦɚɨɛʁɟɤɬɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɤɨɝɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɟɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ 188 Rivkin, D., “Commentary on Aggression and Self-Defense”, in Damrosch, L., and Scheffer, D., op.cit., ɫɬp. 57. 45 Ɋɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪɩɪɚɤɫɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɋɚɞɢɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨʁɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢɊɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪɩɪɚɤɫɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɞɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɱɥɚɧɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɱɥɚɧ ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɫɭ ɠɪɬɜɨɦ ɝɟɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɩɨɞʁɟɥɚ ɫɭɜɢɲɟ ʁɚɤɢɦ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɯ ɢɡɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɚ ɥɟɝɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɰɢʁɚ Ⱦɨ 80-ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ  ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɡɟɦʂɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɥɟɨɩɰɢʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɞɚɥɢʁɟɬɨɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɧɟɝɨɫɚɦɨɞɚɥɢʁɟ ɬɨ ɦɭɞɪɨ189 ɇɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɢɡ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɞɟɛɚɬɟɩɪɟɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɢɥɢɭɫɬɪɭʁɟɧɚɱɢɧɧɚɤɨʁɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚʁɭɩɪɚɜɨɡɚɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨɱɥɚɧɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɤɚɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɧɢɤɚɤɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɄɚɞɚ ɫɟɪɚɞɢɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟʁɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɦɨɪɚɞɚɛɭɞɟɫɚɜɪɲɟɧɚɚɱɚɤɢɤɚɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢɦɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɦʃɟɧɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɦɨɠɟɩɪɢʁɟɩɨɞɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɥɚɛɢɬɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɨɚɤɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɩɨɡɢɜɨɦɧɚɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɟɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɚɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɚɭɫɚɦɨɦɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ190 189 Michael J. Glennon, Why the Security Council Failed, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 82, No.3, 2003, ɫɬɪ 190 Nicaragua case, para 98 46 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɨɞɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ Ʉɨɪɟʁɫɤɢɪɚɬ  ȳɟɞɚɧɨɞɩɪɜɢɯɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɝɞʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟɭɰɢʂɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɢ ȳɭɠɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɜɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɢ ɯɥɚɞɧɨɪɚɬɨɜɫɤɢ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɨɧɟɤɨʁɢ ɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɟɧɚɫɚɫɬɚɜɢɪɚɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɤɭȾɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚɧɚɉɚɰɢɮɢɤɭɄɨɪɟʁɚ ʁɟɮɢɡɢɱɤɢɩɨɞɢʁɟʂɟɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɨɦɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɉɨɞʁɟɥɚʁɟɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɚɞɭɠɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɥɟ ʁɭɠɧɢ ɚ ɫɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɇɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɢ ɢɡɛɨɪɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɭɫɟɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɤɨɦɭɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚɜɥɚɫɬɚɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɨɭʁɟɞɢʃɟʃɭɩɪɨɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɇɚɤɨɧ ɛɪɨʁɧɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟ Ʉɨɪɟʁɟ ɩɪɟɲɥɟ ɫɭ  ɩɚɪɚɥɟɥɭ  ʁɭɧɚ . ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɂɫɬɢ ɞɚɧ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ191 ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɫɭɞɢɨɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟɧɚȳɭɠɧɭɄɨɪɟʁɭɋɋɋɊɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɢɦɚɨɩɪɚɜɨɜɟɬɚ ɛɨʁɤɨɬɨɜɚɨ ʁɟ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɤ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɍɚʁɜɚɧ ɚ ɧɟ Ʉɢɧɚ ɢɦɚɨ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ192 ɇɚɤɨɧɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɟɞɟɛɚɬɟɩɨɢɫɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ  ʁɭɧɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ193 ɤɨʁɨɦ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɦɚɍɇ-ɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɭɠɟ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ȳɭɠɧɨʁɄɨɪɟʁɢɉɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɋȺȾ-ɚ ʁɟ  ʁɭɧɚ ɢɡɞɚɨ ɧɚɪɟɞɛɭ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɩɥɨɜɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɬɟɤɧɭ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ʁɭɠɧɨɤɨɪɟʁɫɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɢɍ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ ɡɚɦʁɟɧɢɤɆɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɋɋɋɊ-ɚ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ ʁɟ ɋȺȾ ɡɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɚɤ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ȳɭɠɧɟ Ʉɨɪɟʁɟ194 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɋɋɋɊ-ɚ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚɥɢ 191 Ȱ/Res/82/1950 192 Malkasian Carter, The Korean War: Essential Histories, Osprey Publishing, 2001ɫɬp. 16. 193 Ȱ/Res /83/1950 194 ɂɡʁɚɜɚɆɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɋɋɋɊ-ɚ ɨɞ  ʁɭɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1950-gromyko-korea.html ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ  ɦɚɪɬɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 47 ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬɜɨʁɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɢɡɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɧɢɩɨɞɚɰɢ ɤɨʁɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ  ɩɨɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɞ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɠɛɢ ɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɨʁ Ʉɨɪɟʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛeɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ- ɚ,195 ɚɤɨɪɟʁɫɤɢɫɭɤɨɛ ʁɟɛɢɨɢɡɜɚɧɞɨɦɚɲɚʁɚɨɞɪɟɞɛɢɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟɢɡɜɨɪɧɢ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɫʁɟɜɟɪ-ʁɭɝ ɛɢɨ ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɚɬɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɋɋɋɊ-ɚɛɨʁɤɨɬɨɜɚɥɢɫɭɍɇɞɚɛɢɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɢɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɞɚɛɢ ɨɫɩɨɪɢɥɢ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɍɇ-ɚ, ɚ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɢɫɭɫɬɚɜɞɚʁɟɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɟɨɦʁɟɪɚɦɚɬɟɜɪɫɬɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɥɨʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɭɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɫɜɢɯɩɟɬɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ196 ÄȻɢɡɟɪɬɚɮɟɪɚ“ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟɢɌɭɧɢɫɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɋɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɞɟɤɨɥɨɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ÄȻɢɡɟɪɬ ɚɮɟɪɚ“ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ɍɭɧɢɫ ɫɬɟɤɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɥɭɱɤɢɦ ɝɪɚɞɨɦ Ȼɢɡɟɪɬɨɦ ɡɛɨɝ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɨɝ ɩɨɥɨɠɚʁɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɦɚɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɟɋɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ ʁɭɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɬɭɧɢɠɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɢ ɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɚ ɫɭ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚɥɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɧɚɩɚɥɟ ɝɪɚɞɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɫɥɚʃɟɦ  ɩɚɞɨɛɪɚɧɚɰɚ ɢ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɬɧɚ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɪɨɞɧɟɜɧɟ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɭ Ɍɭɧɢɠɚɧɢɩɪɟɬɪɩʁɟɥɢɦɧɨɝɨɫɬɪɭɤɨ ɜɟʄɟ ɝɭɛɢɬɤɟɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɩʁɟɥɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭɧɚɞɝɪɚɞɨɦ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪ ɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ Ɍɭɧɢɫɚ ʁɟ  ʁɭɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɚɤɬ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɭɧɢɫɚ ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɦɢɪɭ ɢ 195 ɑɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɝɥɚɫɢɋɜɚɤɢɱɥɚɧɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɤɨʁɢɧɢʁɟɱɥɚɧɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɢɫɬɨɬɚɤɨɢɫɜɚɤɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚɧɢʁɟɱɥɚɧɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɚɤɨʁɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɭɫɩɨɪɭɤɨʁɢɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɛɢʄɟɩɨɡɜɚɧɢɞɚɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭɛɟɡɩɪɚɜɚɝɥɚɫɚɭɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɭɨɬɨɦɟɫɩɨɪɭɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɩɪɚɜɟɞɧɢɦ ɡɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɱɥɚɧ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ 196 Leo Gross, "Voting in the Security Council: Abstention from Voting and Absence from Meetings", The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 60, No. 2 ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ 1951, ɫɬɪ. 209–57; F. B. Schick, "Videant Consules", The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 3ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ 1950, ɫɬɪ 311–25. 48 ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ197 ɍ ɞɚʂɟɦɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ198Ɍɭɧɢɫʁɟɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɨɪɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɫɰɢʂɟɦɟɜɚɤɭɚɰɢʁɟɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯɬɪɭɩɚɦɢɪɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦɢɧɚɜɟɨɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɻɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɛɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ʁɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ Ɍɭɧɢɫ ɡɚ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɭ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɢɫɚɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɨɛʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭ ɞɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɢ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɛɚɡɭ ɭ Ȼɢɡɟɪɬɭ ɞɨ ɤɨɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɨ ɟɜɚɤɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɥɨɰɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɲɢɪɨɦ Ɍɭɧɢɫɚ ɇɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨʁ  ʁɭɥɚ  ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ199 ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɜɚɬɪɟ ɢ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɍ ɞɚʂɟɦɬɨɤɭɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɌɭɧɢɫɚʁɟɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɨɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɞɚɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɧɟɩɨɲɬɭʁɟɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɨɛɚɜɟɡɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚɧɚ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɟ ɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟ ɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɨ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɞɟɥɟɝɚɰɢʁɚʃɟɝɨɜɟɡɟɦʂɟɧɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦɭɱɟɲʄɟɭ ɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɨʁɞɟɛɚɬɢɨɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɟɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ200 ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɧɚɝɟɫɭɧɚɩɭɫɬɢɥɟȻɢɡɟɪɬ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɪɚɬ  ɂɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɨ-ɚɪɚɩɫɤɢ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ Äɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜɧɢ ɪɚɬ,“201 ɢɥɭɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭɤɚɞɚʁɟɞɧɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɩɚɞɚɫɭɫʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɡɫɬɪɚɯɚɞɚ ʄɟɫɚɦɚɩɨɫɬɚɬɢɦɟɬɨɦɧɚɩɚɞɚɭɛɥɢɫɤɨʁɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ a ɢɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɭɞɢɥɚ ɱɢɧ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ. O ɬɟɨɪɢʁɢɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚɩɚɠʃɚʄɟɛɢɬɢɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚɢɭɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ 197 Ȱɫɬɪ 198 Ȱɫɬɪ-9. 199 S/Res/164/1961 200 Ȱ 201 ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜɧɢɪɚɬɜɨɻɟɧʁɟɭɩɟɪɢɨɞɭɨɞɞɨʁɭɧɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɢɡɦɟɻɭɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɫʁɟɞɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ȿɝɢɩɬɚ ɬɚɞɚɧɚɡɜɚɧɨɝɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɚȺɪɚɩɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ȳɨɪɞɚɧɚɢɋɢɪɢʁɟɫɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ 49 ɤɨʁɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨʁ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ⱦɨ  ɦɚʁɚ  gɨɞɢɧɟ ɟɝɢɩɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤ ɇɚɫɟɪ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɢɫɚɨ ɨɤɨ  ɯɢʂɚɞɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɢ  ɬɟɧɤɨɜɚ ɧɚ ɋɢɧɚʁɭ ɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨʁ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɨɦɇɚɤɨɧɬɪɢɞɚɧɚ ɟɝɢɩɚɬɫɤɢɜɨɻɚʁɟɨɛʁɚɜɢɨɞɚʁɟɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɨɌɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɡɚɥɢɜ ɡɚɩɪɨɥɚɡɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢɯɛɪɨɞɨɜɚ ɢɛɪɨɞɨɜɚɭɩɭʄɟɧɢɯɤɚɂɡɪɚɟɥɭ.202 ɋɚɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȺɪɚɩɫɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɩɪɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦɧɚɰɢʁɚɦɚʁɟɭ ɩɢɫɦɭɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɦɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚʁɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɬɪɚɠɢɨɞɚɫɟɨɜɨɬɢʁɟɥɨ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɨÄɚɝɪɟɫɢɜɧɨʁɩɨɥɢɬɢɰɢɂɡɪɚɟɥɚʃɟɝɨɜɨʁɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧɨʁɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɢɤɨʁɚɩɪɢʁɟɬɢ ɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭɚ ɤɨʁɚɞɨɜɨɞɢɭɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪ ɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ³203 ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɞɟɛɚɬɟɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɅɢɛɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ Äɢɚɤɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɪɚɬɚɢɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɟ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɩɪɟɦɚɱɥɚɧɭ ɉɨɜɟʂɟɢɦɚʁɭɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɦɚɞɭɠɧɨɫɬɞɚɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɭɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɲɬɨɫɟɨɧɚɞɟɫɢ ɤɚɤɨɛɢɫɚɱɭɜɚɨɦɢɪ³204 ɉɨɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɚɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ205 ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɜɚɬɪɟ ɢ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɭ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ ɍ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɟ206 ɨɫɭɻɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ ɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɞɫɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɨ-ɚɪɚɩɫɤɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɇɚɰɪɬɢ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ207 ɤɨʁɢɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɭ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨɨɫɭɞɢɨɡɛɨɝɧɚɫɬɚɜɤɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɢɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɢ ɡɛɨɝɧɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɝ ɛɪɨʁɚɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ Ɋɚɬ ʁɟ ɡɚɜɪɲɢɨ ʁɭɧɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɨɦɩɨɛʁɟɞɨɦɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɉɨʁɚɫɨɦ Ƚɚɡɟ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɋɢɧɚʁɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɨɦ ɨɞȿɝɢɩɬɚɧɚɞɁɚɩɚɞɧɨɦɨɛɚɥɨɦɢɂɫɬɨɱɧɢɦȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɨɦɨɞȳɨɪɞɚɧɚ ɢɧɚɞȽɨɥɚɧɫɤɨɦɜɢɫɨɪɚɜɧɢɨɞɋɢɪɢʁɟɋɬɚɬɭɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɤɨʁɟʁɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɨ 202 ȰPV.1341ɫɬɪ-52. 203 Ȱɫɬɪ-125. 204 ȰPV.1344ɫɬɪ17. 205 S/Res/233/1967 206 S/Res/234/1967; S/Res/235/1967; S/Res/236/1967; S/Res/242/1967 207 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪȰPV.1351ɫɬɪ11-ȰɫɬɪȰɫɬɪ 50 ɬɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɢɭɞɚɧɚɲʃɟɦɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɨ-ɩɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɨɦɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭɢɦɚʁɭɜɟɥɢɤɢɡɧɚɱɚʁɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟ208 ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɚɢɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚ  ɍɱɟɬɜɨɪɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɦɪɚɬɭɤɨʁɢʁɟɭɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢɩɨɡɧɚɬɢɩɨɞɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ ɮɭɞɛɚɥɫɤɢɪɚɬ  ʁɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɢɡɜɟɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯɝɪɚɻɚɧɚɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ɉɞɩɨɱɟɬɤɚɜɢʁɟɤɚɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚɟɦɢɝɪɢɪɚɥɢɫɭɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɚ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ  ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɚ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɦɚ ɨ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɨʁ ɪɟɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɚ ʁɟ ɢɦɢɝɪɚɧɬɢɦɚ ɨɞɭɡɟɥɚ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɢ ɯɢʂɚɞɟɪɚɞɧɢɤɚɢɡɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚʁɟɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɚɧɨɢɡɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɚɲɬɨʁɟɞɨɜɟɥɨɞɨɤɪɚɬɤɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɭ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɨ ɭ ɮɭɞɛɚɥɭ ɭ ʁɭɥɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ʉɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɲɢɪɢɯ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɧɭɬ ɡɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɚɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɫɭɫɟɫɥɨɠɢɥɟɞɚɫɩɨɪɨɤɨɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟ ɧɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢ ɭ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɭ ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɟɧɚɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɋɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɫɭɞɚɍɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ ʁɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɩɢɫɦɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɨɞ ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ Ɇɋɉ-ɚ209 ɍ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ210 ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɟɤɚɨ ɨɩɬɭɠɛɟɞɚʁɟɤɪɢɜɡɚɨɞɥɚɝɚʃɟɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɚɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɋɭɞɚɧɚɜɨɞɟʄɢɞɚʁɟɭɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚɨɛʁɚɜɢɨɧɚɦʁɟɪɭɞɚɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɪɟɜɢɡɢʁɭɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɇɨɜɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɞɟɦɚɪɤɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɚ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɟɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɤɫɟɢɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɫɤɟɨɞɧɨɫɟ 208 Raymond Hinnebusch, The International Politics of the Middle-East, Manchester University Press, 2003. ɫɬɪ 171-173. 209 S/2000/1142 210 S/2002/1102 51 ɂɪɚɤ– ɂɪɚɧ ɑɥɚɧ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ Ɂɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɜɚʃɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɭɥɨɝɟ ɢ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɂɪɚɧɭ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɂɪɚɤ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɂɪɚɧɚ Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɛɢɨ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɚɧ ɢɪɚɱɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɲɥɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭɝɪɚɧɢɰɭɛɟɡɦɧɨɝɨɨɬɩɨɪɚɢɧɚɤɨɧɩɚɪɞɚɧɚɛɨɪɛɟɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɥɟɫɭ ɤɦ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɂɪɚɧɚ Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɂɪɚɤ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɭÄɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨʁɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨʁɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ³ ɋɭɨɱɟɧɫɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɨɦɂɪɚɧʁɟɨɞɦɚɯɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɨɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢɫɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚ ɋɜɟɞɨʁɭɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɂɪɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɡɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ʁɟɪ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɧɢɤɚɤɜɟɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɤɨɪɚɤɟɧɟɝɨʁɟɫɚɦɨɩɨɡɢɜɚɨɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɚɫɟɭɡɞɪɠɟɨɞ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ211 ɱɚɤɢɞɨɤ ʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɚɝɪɟɫɨɪɞɪɠɚɥɚɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɢɦɜɟɥɢɤɟɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɂɪɚɧɚɂɪɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɭɫɩʁɟɥɚ ɨɞɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɞɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɧɢʁɟɬɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɂɪɚɤɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɧɢɡ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ212 ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚɚɝɪɟɫɨɪɫɤɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɧɚɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɚ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ  ɍɬɜɪɻɭʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟ ɂɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɪɚʁɚɨ ɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɭ ɪɚɬɧɢɯ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɦʁɟɪɚɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɟɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʄɟ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɚ, ɚɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɚ, ɤɚɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ, ɬɟɠɢɞɚɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟɞɜɚ ɰɢʂɚ 211 ȼɢɞɢɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɝɨɞɢɧɟ 212 Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɪɨʁ           (24.02.1986.)             ɢ  (26.08.1988.). 52 (1) ɞɚɨɞɛɢʁɟɚɝɪɟɫɨɪɫɤɟɬɪɭɩɟɫɚɫɜɨʁɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɢɩɨɜɪɚɬɢɡɚɭɡɟɬɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ (2) ɞɚɭɦɚʃɢɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɡɚɧɨɜɭɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɭ ɍɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɂɪɚɧɤɨʁɢʁɟɛɢɨɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨʁɟɫɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦɫɢɥɟɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɱɜɪɫɬɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɰɢʁɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɬɢɢɫɩɭʃɟʃɟɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯɰɢʂɟɜɚɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɈɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚÄɈɩɟɪɚ³ ɧɚɩɚɞɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɧɚɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɈɡɢɪɚɤɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɈɡɢɪɚɤ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧɨɞɧɚʁɩɨɡɧɚɬɢʁɢɯɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɢɫɟɰɢɬɢɪɚʁɭɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɞɟɛɚɬɟɨɤɨɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɇɚɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɆɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɂɪɚɤɚɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ  ʁɭɧɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢ ɪɚɬɧɢ ɚɜɢɨɧɢ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢ ɚɬɨɦɫɤɢɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɈɡɢɪɚɤɭɛɥɢɡɢɧɢȻɚɝɞɚɞɚɱɢɦɟɫɭɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɢɚɤɬɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɟɝɨɜɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɈɧʁɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɢɫɬɚɤɚɨɞɚʁɟɜɥɚɞɚɂɪɚɤɚɫɚɜʁɟɫɧɨɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɥɚɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɋɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚɨɧɟɲɢɪɟʃɭɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚɤɚɨɢɭɩɭɬɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɚɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɚɬɨɦɫɤɭɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭɫɰɢʂɟɦɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɬɟɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟɭɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɟɫɜɪɯɟɇɚɢɫɬɨʁ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɂɡɪɚɟɥɚʁɟɢɡʁɚɜɢɨɞɚʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɢɪɚɱɤɢɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ Ɉɡɢɪɚɤɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɱɢɧɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɚɤɨʁɢɦʁɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨɫɜɨʁɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɩɪɚɜɨɦɢɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɨɱɥɚɧɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɩɬɭɠɢɨ ɂɪɚɤ ɞɚ ɜɟʄ ɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭ ɞɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɨɜɚɨ ɢɪɚɱɤɢɦ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɫɤɨɦ ɂɫɬɨɤɭ ɪʁɟɲɢ ɦɢɪɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ213 ɂɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ʁɟ ɞɨɞɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɂɪɚɤ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭʄɢ ɫ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɨɦ ɪɚɡɜɢɨ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚ ɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɨɫɟɝɥɚ ɨɧɭ ɬɚɱɤɭ ɝɞʁɟ ɛɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ ɩɨɫɬɚɨ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɨɞ ɩɚɪ ɫɟɞɦɢɰɚɲɬɨʁɟɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɥɨɂɡɪɟɚɥɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɛɟɡɨɞɥɚɝɚʃɚȾɚɤɥɟɜɥɚɞɚɂɡɪɚɟɥɚʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɟɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɟɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨʁɟɨɧɨɩɨɫɬɚɥɨɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɚ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɢɡɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɢɡɧɟɧɚɞɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɚ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɢɦ 213 ȰRes/242/1967ȰRes/ 338/1973. 53 ɱɥɚɧɭ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɚɝɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɡɚ ɚɬɨɦɫɤɭɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭɧɚɜɟɨʁɟɞɚʁɟɂɪɚɤɭɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɚ ɨɞȺɝɟɧɰɢʁɟɬɟɞɚɫɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɈɡɢɪɚɤɦɨɠɟɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɢɬɢɫɚɧɚɩɚɞɨɦɧɚɫɢɫɬɟɦɦʁɟɪɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ Ⱥɝɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɥɚɞɚɫɭɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɂɡɪɚɟɥɧɚɪɭɲɢɥɟɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɭɪɟɝɢɨɧɭɢ ɞɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɰɪɩɢɨ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭ Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ214 ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭ ɧɚʁɨɲɬɪɢʁɢɦ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɢɦɚ ɨɫɭɻɟɧɟ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɤɪɲɟʃɟɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ. Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦʁɟɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɧɟɨɬɭɻɢɜɨɢɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɂɪɚɤɚɞɚɪɚɡɜɢʁɚɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɭ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɭ ɭ ɤɨɦɟɪɰɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɫɜɪɯɟ ɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɭɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɢɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɨɞɲɬɟɬɟɡɚɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɟɤɨʁɟʁɟɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɨ Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɪɚɬ  Ɂɚɯɬʁɟɜɞɚɦɨɪɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚɜɟɡɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɞʁɟɥɚɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɫɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɨɤɨ Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯɨɫɬɪɜɚ  ɚɩɪɢɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭ ɢ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɥɚ Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɚɨɫɬɪɜɚɡɚɤɨʁɚʁɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚɞɚɫɩɚɞɚʁɭɩɨɞʃɟɧɭɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɭɜɥɚɫɬ ɢɞɚɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɩɨɞ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɨɧɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɭɩɪɚɜɨɦ Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ  ɞɚɧɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɟ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ Ʉɪɚʁɟɦ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɟɫɭɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɎɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɚɨɫɬɪɜɚɢɧɚɤɨɧɧɟɲɬɨɜɢɲɟɨɞɞɜɚɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɛɨɪɛɟɚɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɚɜɨʁɫɤɚɫɟɩɪɟɞɚɥɚʁɭɧɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɇɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ215 ɨɞɪɠɚɧɨʁ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɚ ɧɚ Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɝɪɭɛɨ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɨɝ ɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɚɫɬɪɚɧɟɢɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɟɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤȺɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟʁɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚʁɟʃɟɝɨɜɚ 214 Ȱ/Res/487/1981 215 ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɚɩɪɢɥɝɨɞɢɧɟ 54 ɜɥɚɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɫɩɨɪɧɢɦ ɨɫɬɪɜɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɟɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɞʁɟɥɨɧɚɩɚɞɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ216 ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɚɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɇɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɨʁ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ217 ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨʁ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤȺɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟʁɟɭɤɚɡɚɨɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɞɚʁɟȼɟɥɢɤɚȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɡɨɧɭ ɛɥɨɤɚɞɟ ɨɤɨ ɫɩɨɪɧɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɨ ʂɭɞɫɤɟ ɠɪɬɜɟ ɉɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɦʁɟɪɟɪɚɞɢɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɪɧɨɦɩɪɨɫɭɻɢɜɚʃɭȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤʁɟɢɡʁɚɜɢɨɞɚ, ɢɚɤɨʃɟɝɨɜɚɜɥɚɞɚɧɢɤɚɞɚɧɟʄɟɨɞɛɚɰɢɬɢɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɦɢɪɧɨɝɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚɫɩɨɪɚɨɧɚ ɫɟɛɢ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɭ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɭ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ɇɟɤɫɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɟɫɤɚɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ ɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ    ɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟɇɚɤɨɧ ɞɟɛɚɬɟ ɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ  ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭɧɚɩɪɟɤɢɞɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ, ɧɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ  ɢ ɧɚ ɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɋɭɤɨɛɋȺȾ-ɚɢɅɢɛɢʁɟ  ȳɟɞɚɧɨɞɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɱɧɢɯɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɝɞʁɟɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɬɜɪɞɟɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬ ɨɛɚɪɚʃɚ Ʌɢɛɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɢɡɜɢɻɚɱɤɨɝ ɚɜɢɨɧɚ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɨɦ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚɨɛɚɜʁɟɫɬɢɨʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɫɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟɬɟɡɟɦʂɟɞʁɟɥɭʁɭʄɢɧɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɧɚɱɢɧ ɢɡɧɚɞɦɟɻɭɧɚɨɪɞɧɢɯɜɨɞɚɋɪɟɞɨɡɟɦɧɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɢ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ 216 Ȱ/Res/502/1982 217 ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɨɞɦɚʁɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ 55 ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ Ʌɢɛɢʁɫɤɟ ȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɟ218 Ɉ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ Ʌɢɛɢʁɫɤɟ ȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɟ ɢ Ȼɚɯɪɟɢɧɚ ɨɩɢɫɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬ ɤɚɨ ɞʁɟɥɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɥɢ ɯɢɬɧɭ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ219 ɌɨɤɨɦɪɚɩɫɪɚɜɟɧɚɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɅɢɛɢʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɛɨɪɢɥɟ ɞɜɚ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɚ ɧɟɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɚ ɢɡɜɢɻɚɱɤɚ ɚɜɢɨɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɭɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɩɚɬɪɨɥɢ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɛɚɥɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɛɢɨ ɱɢɧ „ɩɪɨɦɢɲʂɟɧɨɝɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɚɨɭɜɨɞɚɭɨɩɲɬɢɧɚɩɚɞ³220 Ɉɧʁɟɞɚʂɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɟ Äɚɤɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ³221 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɚɜɢɨɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɨɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɩɥɨɜɫɬɜɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ-ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ222 Ɉɧʁɟɞɚʂɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚɫɟɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɚɜɢɨɧɧɚɥɚɡɢɨɭɪɭɬɢɧɫɤɨʁɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɨɛɭɤɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɭ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɚʄɟɧ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɢɨɧɚɌɟɤɧɚɤɨɧɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧɢɯɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɥɢɯɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɧɭ ɨɜɢ ɚɜɢɨɧɢ ɨɧɢ ɫɭ ɨɛɨɪɟɧɢ ɭ ʁɚɫɧɨɦ ɢ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨɦ ɱɢɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ223 ɇɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɞɚɦɞɪɠɚɜɚ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ224 ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɟ ɧɚɰɪɬ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ225 ɧɚ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɛɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɨɫɭɞɢɨ ɨɛɚɪɚʃɟ ɞɜɚ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɚ ɢɡɜɢɻɚɱɤɚ ɚɜɢɨɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɦɚɧɟɜɪɟ ɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɛɚɥɟ ɇɚɰɪɬ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɜʂɟɧ ɧɚ ɝɥɚɫɚʃɟ ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɡɛɨɝɬɪɢɝɥɚɫɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ226 218 Ȱ-ɉɢɫɦɨɋȺȾ-ɚɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɞʁɚɧɭɚɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ 219 Ȱ-ɢȰ-20367. 220 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ 221 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ 222 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ-15. 223 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ-Ȱ39ɫɬɪȰ39ɫɬɪ 224 ȺɥɠɢɪɄɨɥɭɦɛɢʁɚȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɚɆɚɥɟɡɢʁɚɇɟɩɚɥɋɟɧɟɝɚɥɢȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ 225 Ȱ 226 Ɂɚ ɧɚɰɪɬ ɪɟɡɭɥɰɢʁɟ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɨ ʁɟ  ɞɪɠɚɜɚ  ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɄɚɧɚɞɚɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚȼɟɥɢɤɚ ȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚɢɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɚɭɡɞɪɠɚɧɟ ȻɪɚɡɢɥɎɢɧɫɤɚ  56 ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɋȺȾ-ɚɢɉɚɧɚɦɟ  ɋɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɢ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɚɤɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɨɫɧɨɜɡɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦʁɟɪɚɭɰɢʂɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ  ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɛɚɜʁɟɫɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɡɟɦʂɚɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɚ Äɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɟɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɦʁɟɪɟɭɉɚɧɚɦɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦ Ɇɚɧɭɟɥɚ ɇɨɪɢɟɝɟ³227 ɍ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɨʁɟɯɢɬɧɭɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɟ Äɚɤɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ³ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɉɚɧɚɦɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨÄɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ³ ɡɚɤɨʁɭÄɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ³ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ228 ɇɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ȼɥɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɥɚ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ ɚɤɰɢʁɢ Äɬɟɤ ɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɟ ɫɜɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɟ³ ɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ Äɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʂɭɞɫɤɟɠɪɬɜɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɱɢʃɟɧɚɲɬɟɬɚ ɭɱɢɧɟ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɢɦ³229 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɋȺȾ-ɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟɩɨɞɫʁɟɬɢɨɨɫɬɚɥɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɞɚʁɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɇɨɪɢɟɝɚɨɛʁɚɜɢɨɪɚɬɩɪɨɬɢɜʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟɞɚʁɟɭɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɭɛɢʁɟɧɧɟɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟɜɨɫʁɤɟ ɢɞɚɫɭɠɢɜɨɬɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɛɢɥɢɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢ ɄɨɧɚɱɧɨɨɧʁɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚʁɟɪɟɠɢɦȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɚ ɇɨɪɢɟɝɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨɪɚɬɡɧɚɬɧɨɪɚɧɢʁɟɤɪɨɡɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟɞɪɨɝɨɦɲɬɨʁɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ230 ɇɚɰɪɬ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟɞɚɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ231 ʁɟ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɡɛɨɝɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚɬɪɢɫɬɚɥɧɚɱɥɚɧɚ232 ɉɪɟɦɚɧɚɰɪɬɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɝɫɬɪɨɝɨɨɫɭɞɢɨɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɭ ɉɚɧɚɦɢ ʁɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ 227 Ȱ 228 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ-17. 229 Ibid. ɫɬɪ 17-18 230 Ȱ39 ɫɬɪ- Ɋɚɞɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɪɚ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡʁɚɜɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ  ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɝ ɉɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ʁɚɧɭɚɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ȱ39ɫɬɪ 231 ȰɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɱɢȺɥɠɢɪɄɨɥɭɦɛɢʁɚȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɚɆɚɥɟɡɢʁɚɇɟɩɚɥɋɟɧɟɝɚɥɢȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ 232 ɇɚɰɪɬ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɢɨ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ  ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɡɚ  ɢ  ɝɥɚɫɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ  Ʉɚɧɚɞɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟȼɟɥɢɤɚȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ ɞɨɤʁɟɎɢɧɫɤɚɛɢɥɚɭɡɞɪɠɚɧɚ 57 ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɢɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɢɡɉɚɧɚɦɟ233 Ɂɚɥɢɜɫɤɢɪɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɄɭɜɚʁɬɚ ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɂɪɚɤɚ ɢɄɭɜɚʁɬɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɟɛɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɝɨɞɢɧɟɫɥɭɠɢɤɚɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɚɤɨʁɟɧɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɄɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɚɧɟɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨɞɚɬɚɤɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɧɢɫɭɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɟɞɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ  ɨɞɚɜɝɭɫɬɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨʁɟ ɂɪɚɤɭɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɟɞɚɛɢɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢɨɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟɢɪɚɱɤɢɯɬɪɭɩɚɫɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ʉɭɜɚʁɬɚ ɇɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟɢɡʁɚɜɢɥɢɫɭɞɚ ɫɭɧɚɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɜɥɚɞɚɢɡɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɩɨɫɥɚɥɢɜɨʁɫɤɭɭɬɨ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɢ ɋɚɭɞɢʁɫɤɭ Ⱥɪɚɛɢʁɭ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ234 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ʉɭɜɚʁɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɭ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɟɦɚɱɥɚɧɭɫɚɨɩɲɬɢɨɞɚʁɟʃɟɝɨɜɚɡɟɦʂɚÄɬɪɚɠɢɥɚɨɞɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ    ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ³235 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɋɚɭɞɢʁɫɤɟȺɪɚɛɢʁɟɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟɞɚ ʁɟʃɟɝɨɜɚɡɟɦʂɚÄɞʁɟɥɭʁɭʄɢɭɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚɩɪɚɜɨɦɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɢɦɱɥɚɧɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɬɪɭɩɟɛɪɚɬɫɤɢɯɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɋɚɭɞɢʁɫɤɟ Ⱥɪɚɛɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ʉɪɚʂɟɜɫɬɜɚ³236 Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ   , ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɩɨɡɜɚɨÄɨɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɤɨʁɟɫɚɪɚɻɭʁɭɫɚɜɥɚɞɨɦɄɭɜɚʁɬɚɱɢʁɟ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟɫɧɚɝɟɨɩɟɪɢɲɭɭɪɟɝɢɨɧɭɞɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɟɬɟɫɧɚɝɟɭɦʁɟɪɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɢɞɚɩɨɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɟɫɚɜɭɥɚɡɧɢ ɢɥɢɢɡɥɚɡɧɢɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɞɚɛɢɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɢɢɧɫɩɟɤɰɢʁɭɢɩɪɨɜʁɟɪɢɥɢɬɨɜɚɪɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɢɲɬɟɚɫɜɟɫɚɰɢʂɟɦɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɨɞɪɟɞɛɢɢɡɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ  ³ ɍ 233 Ȱɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɢ 234 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ- ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɫɬɪ- ȼɟɥɢɤɚȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ 235 Ȱ 236 Ȱ 58 ɜɟɡɢ ɫɚ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɟɦ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ    ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɥɢɫɭɫɟɫɬɚɜɚɞɚʁɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚɫɚɦɨɞɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɨ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ .237 ɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɦɚʃɢɥɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ Ʉɭɜɚʁɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ238 Ʉɚɤɨɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɞɜɢʁɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɧɢɫɭ ɞɚɥɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɧɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ʁɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ    ɤɨʁɨɦʁɟɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɨɞɪɠɚɜɟ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟÄɞɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɟɫɜɚɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɞɚɨɞɪɠɟɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ    ɢ ɫɜɟ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɨ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɢ ɞɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪ ɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɭɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ³ ȿɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚȻɢɏ ɂɚɤɨʄɟɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɟɛɢɬɢɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɨɨɞɧɨɫɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɫɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɧɚ ɞɧɟɜɧɨɦ ɪɟɞɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɚɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɡɚɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭɧɚɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭɛɢɜɲɟȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ  ɨɞ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɡɚɰɢʁɟɥɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɛɢɜɲɟȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟɍɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɫɭ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚɨ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɟ ɡɚ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ Äɧɚɫɬɚɜɚɤ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ“239 Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ÄȻɨɫɚɧɰɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɝɚ ɡɚ ɫɬɭɩɚʃɟɭɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɟɢɨɛɟʄɚɜɚʁɭʄɟɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟɢɥɢɪɚɞɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɟ ʁɟʃɚɜɚ³240 ȼɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɨ ʁɟ ɛɨɫɚɧɤɫɭ ɜɥɚɞɭ ɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭɱɥɚɧɚɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ241 ɞɨɤ ʁɟɞɪɭɝɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ 237 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ- ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɫɬɪ ȼɟɥɢɤɚȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ  238 Ibid. ɫɬɪ 239 Ȱ39ɫɬɪ-ɊɚɞɢɜɢɲɟɞɟɬɚʂɚɨɫɬɚɜɨɜɢɦɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚȻɨɫɧɟɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟɨɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɜɢɞɢ ɩɢɫɦɚ ɨɞ  ʁɭɧɚ  ʁɭɥɚ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɢ  ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɚ ɉɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɰɬɢ ɢɥɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɭ Ȱ ȰȰȰɢȰɢȰ 240 S/PVɫɬɪ-17. 241 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɫɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ Äɤɚɞ ɛɢ ɛɨɫɚɧɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɡɚɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɬɨɛɢɨɞɜɪɚɬɢɥɨɚɝɪɟɫɨɪɚɞɚɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɭɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟɢ ɦɨɠɞɚɛɢɝɚɩɪɢɦɨɪɚɥɨɞɚɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɧɟɞɢʁɚɥɨɝɭɪɚɞɢɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɠɟʃɚɧɟɫɭɝɥɚɫɢɰɚ.“ S/PVɫɬɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɂɪɚɧɬɜɪɞɢɨʁɟɞɚ ʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ 59 ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɞɚ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɬɢ.242 Ʉɚɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɨɞɜɢʁɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ243 ɤɨʁɨɦɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ713 (1991) ɢ ɬɢɦɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɠɢɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɇɚɰɪɬ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ244 ɤɨʁɨɦɛɢɫɟȻɨɫɧɚɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚɢɡɭɡɟɥɚɨɞɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧʁɟɡɛɨɝɭɡɞɪɠɚɧɢɯɝɥɚɫɨɜɚɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɨɞɤɨʁɢɯɫɭɫɬɚɥɧɚɱɥɚɧɚ245 ɉɨɤɭɲɚʁɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚɧɚɲɟɮɚɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ⱦɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɲɟɮɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɧ ɩɨɜɨɞ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɫɟɜɢɞɢ ɢɡɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɟɝɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɦ ɉɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ʁɭɧɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ Äɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɢɪɚɱɤɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɞɚ ɭɛɢʁɟ ȹɨɪʇɚ Ȼɭɲɚ ɛɢɜɲɟɝ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɦɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɢɦɚ³246 ɇɚɢɦɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɟɞɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɢɪɚɱɤɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɢ ɨɛɚɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɧɢɯ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɨɞ ɛɭɞɭʄɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨ ɨɞ Äʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɚʁɭʄɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɜɨʁɧɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ³ S/PV.3136 ɫɬɪ  ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ Ʉɚɬɚɪɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ Äɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɡɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɨɪɚ³ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ Äɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ Ȼɨɫɧɢɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢɞɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢɫɜɟɞɨɤɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɚɭɫɬɚʃɭɞɚɨɞɛɢʁɟɫɪɩɫɤɭɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɭɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɦɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ³ S/PV ɫɬɪ - ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ    ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ 242 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ Äɨɱɚʁɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɬɟɡ³ɢɞɚɛɢɬɢɦɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟɧɚɰɢʁɟɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɟɥɟɻɚȻɨɫɧɢɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢʃɟɧɢɦɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚÄɞɚɫɟ ɢɡɛɨɪɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ³ S/PV ɫɬɪ - ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɭɤɢɧɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɛɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚɤɪɟɬɚʃɟɩɭɬɟɦɪɚɬɚ ɚɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɦɦɢɪɚɭɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɫɚɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɟIbidɫɬɪ-Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɫɩɨʂɧɢɯɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ ɋɚɜɟɡɧɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ³ɧɟɫɚɝɥɟɞɢɜɟɲɬɟɬɧɟ ɟɮɟɤɬɟ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɫɥɚʃɚ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɚɤɪɲɟʃɚɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɧɚɫɜɟɜɟʄɟɢɡɝɥɟɞɟɞɚɫɟɨɜɚʁɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɭ ɫɜɟɨɩɲɬɢɜʁɟɪɫɤɢɪɚɬ³S/PVɫɬɪɋɚʁɪɭɫȼɟɧɫɢɅɨɪɞɈɜɟɧɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɢɄɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɨȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɢɫɭɞɚɫɟɰɢʂɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɚɦɢɪɚɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɦɨɠɟɩɨɫɬɢʄɢɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ȼɟɧɫʁɟɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɨɞɚɛɢɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɫɚɦɨɪɚɫɩɥɚɦɫɚɥɨɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚɭȻɨɫɧɢɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢɞɚɛɢɦɨɝɥɨɞɨɜɟɫɬɢɞɨɲɢɪɟʃɚɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɤɪɨɡɱɢɬɚɜɪɟɝɢɨɧȻɚɥɤɚɧɚS/PV.3134ɫɬɪ16-Ɉɜɟɧ ʁɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨɞɚÄɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɩɪɨɞɚʁɟɨɪɭɠʁɚɨɛɢɱɧɨɭɬɢɱɟɧɚɝɚɲɟʃɟɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɞɨɤɩɨɜɟʄɚʃɟɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɨɪɭɠʁɚɩɪɨɞɭɛʂɭʁɟɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ³Ibidɫɬɪ 243 Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ  ɢɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ  244 Ȱ 245 ɈɞɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɭɡɞɪɠɚɧɟɨɞɝɥɚɫɚʃɚɛɢɥɟɫɭȼɟɥɢɤɚȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚɊɭɫɢʁɚɢɄɢɧɚ 246 S/26003 60 ɫɬɪɚɧɟɢɪɚɱɤɟɜɥɚɞɟɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɫɟɧɚɜɨɞɢɞɚɫɭÄɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɟɚɤɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɂɪɚɤɚ³ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ Äɢɦɚɨɡɚɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɭɜɟɥɢɤɢɛɪɨʁɦɪɬɜɢɯɢɪɚʃɟɧɢɯ ɢɪɚɱɤɢɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɚ³ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɨ Äɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɨɦ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɦ ɱɢɧɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɨɦɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɫɭɦʃɢɜɢɯɢɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɯɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ³247 Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɞɟɛɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɩɨɫʁɟɬɟ Ʉɭɜɚʁɬɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɱɢɧ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ Äɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɢ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɫɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɟɦ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɜɲɟɝ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ Ȼɭɲɚ³248 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɂɪɚɤɚ ɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ Äɩɪɢɱɚ ɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɜɲɟɝ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɨɮɚɛɪɢɤɨɜɚɧɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɤɭɜɚʁɬɫɤɨɝɪɟɠɢɦɚ³249 ɉɨɪɢɱɭʄɢ ɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɭɭɦʁɟɲɚɧɨɫɬɭɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚɬɟɧɬɚɬɚɂɪɚɤ ʁɟɩɨɡɜɚɨɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɢ ɡɚ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɧɭ ɬɪɟʄɭ ɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚʁɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦȾɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɞɚɢɝɧɨɪɢɲɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɟɩɪɚɜɢɱɧɨɝɫɭɻɟʃɚɢɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɧɟɫɦɢʁɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɬɢɧɟɤɢɦɨɞɫɜɨʁɢɯɱɥɚɧɨɜɚɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɜɨʁɧɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭɡɭɪɩɢɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɭ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ³250 ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ.251 247 S/26004 248 639ɫɬS-9. 249 Ibid.ɫɬS 250 Ibid.ɫɬS-13 251 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟʁɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚʃɟɝɨɜɚɜɥɚɞɚɭɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɪɚɡɥɨɝɟɡɚʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɭɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚɩɨɞɤɨʁɢɦɚʁɟɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ. Ibid.ɫɬp. 13-15ɉɪɟɦɚɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɢ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɚɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɚɦɫɟɦɨɪɚɫɭɡɛɢʁɚɬɢɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢɦɦʁɟɪɟɦɚɢɭɫɜɪɯɭɩɪɟɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ Ibid.ɫɬp. 21-22. ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɊɭɫɤɟɎɟɞɟɪɚɰɢʁɟɧɚɜɟɨʁɟɞɚʁɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɛɢɥɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨʁɟɪɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢɢɡɩɪɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɭɢɥɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɟ 61 Ȼɥɢɫɤɢɢɫɬɨɤ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɢɅɢɛɚɧɚ ɍɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɟɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɝɪɭɩɚɫɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟȾɚɤɥɟ ɪɚɞɢɫɟɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɜɚɤɜɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɞɟɛɚɬɟ ɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɨɡɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯɰɢʂɟɜɚɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ʌɢɛɚɧɚ ɍɫɜɨɦɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɧɢɤɅɢɛɚɧɚʁɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚʁɟÄɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭɅɢɛɚɧɭɨɡɛɢʂɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɨɝ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɚ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭɱɢ ɦɧɨɝɟɝɪɚɞɨɜɟɤɚɨɢʁɭɠɧɚɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɚȻɟʁɪɭɬɚ³252 Ɉɧʁɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɨɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɧɚɪɟɞɢɂɡɪɚɟɥɭɞɚɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɩɪɨɬɢɜɅɢɛɚɧɚ ɞɚɩɨɜɭɱɟɫɜɨʁɚɩɨʁɚɱɚʃɚɢɞɚ ɨɫɭɞɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ʌɢɛɚɧɚ253 ɋɚ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɟ ɬɚɱɤɟ ɝɥɟɞɢɲɬɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɚ ɏɟɡɛɨɥɚɯɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɱɢɧ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɞɭɝɨɝ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɫɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ Ƚɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ ɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɝɪɭɩɚɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ Äɚɤɨ Ʌɢɛɚɧ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɜɨʂɭ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɏɟɡɛɨɥɚɯɚɂɡɪɚɟɥɦɨɪɚɞɚɲɬɢɬɢɫɜɨʁɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɫɜɢɦɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ³254 ɉɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɫɭɡɞɪɠɚɧɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ-ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ ɩɨɱɢʃɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ255 ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɢɡɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɤɫɢɦ ɧɚɩɨɪɢɦɚ ɡɚ ɦɢɪɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ256 ɇɚɰɪɬ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ  ɚɪɚɩɫɤɢɯ 252 Ȱ 253 639ɫɬS-6. 254 Ibid.ɫɬp. 6 255 ɉɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭʄɢɞɚʁɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤȵɟɦɚɱɤɟʁɟɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨɞɚɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɚɤɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɤɚɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɦʁɟɥɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɟɜɢɧɢɯɰɢɜɢɥɚɚɞɚɫɜɚɤɚɦʁɟɪɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɧɟɫɚɦɨ ɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɨɛɢɦɚɧɟɝɨɢɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɰɢʂɚIbid.ɫɬp. 9 256 ȰRes. 1052/1996 62 ɡɟɦɚʂɚɤɨʁɢɦɛɢ ɫɟɨɲɬɪɨɨɫɭɞɢɨɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɚɂɡɪɚɟɥɩɨɡɜɚɨɧɚɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɫɧɚɝɚɫɚɰɢʁɟɥɟ ɥɢɛɚɧɫɤɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɧɢʁɟɞɨɛɢɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭɜɟʄɢɧɭ257 ɋɭɤɨɛȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟɢȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ Ɉɜɚʁ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚ ɦɨʄ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɟ ɭɩɭɲɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɡɚɫɭɤɨɛ ɍ ɩɢɫɦɭ ɨɞ  ɚɩɪɢɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɟɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ258 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɨ Äɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɟ³ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚ Ȼɚɞɦɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɟɬɢɨɩʂɚɧɫɤɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɭɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɤɚɨÄɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ, ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɨɝ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ“ ɍ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɢɫɦɭ259 ɨɞ  ɦɚʁɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Äɭ ɨɫɜɢɬ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ³ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɚ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɚ ɍ ɞɚʂɨʁ ɩɪɟɩɢɫɰɢ260 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɜɭɤɚɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɞɚʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ ɍ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ261 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɮɚɧɡɢɜɚ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɞɭɛɨɤɨɭɧɭɬɚɪɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɚɧɱɢɧɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɟ ɚɞɚȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɚɢɚɤɨɢɦɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɢʁɟɭɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɜɨʁɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɦ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ Äɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɩɪɟɦʁɟɫɬɢɥɚ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɢɡ ɫɩɨɪɧɟ ɡɨɧɟ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ³262 ɇɚɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɨɞɪɠɚɧɚɦɚʁɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚʁɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ263 ɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭɫɜɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɚɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɟɩɪɨɞɚʁɭɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɨɛɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ264 ɚ ɨɞ ȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ ɢ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ 257 Ȱ 258 S/2000/296 259 S/2000/420 260 S/2000/523 261 S/2000/554 262 Ibid., ɫɬp. 2. 263 Ȱ/Res/1298/2000 264 ɌɚɱɧɢʁɟɨɜɨɦɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦɫɟɫɚɦɨɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭȰɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ 63 ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɫɜɟɜɨʁɧɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟɢ ɞɚɫɟɭɡɞɪɠɟɨɞɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɍʁɭɥɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ʁɟ Ɇɢɫɢʁɚ ɍɇ-ɚ 810((  ɫɚ ɦɚɧɞɚɬɨɦ ɞɚ ɧɚɞɝɥɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɜɚɬɪɟɢɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨɨɛɢʂɟɠɢɝɪɚɧɢɰɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɢʁɟɡɟɦʂɟ265 Ɂɛɨɝɩɨɬɟɲɤɨʄɚ ɭɨɛɚɜʂɚʃɭɫɜɨɝɦɚɧɞɚɬɚɤɚɨɢɡɛɨɝɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚʁɟȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɚɨɞɛɢɥɚɞɚɫɩɪɨɜɟɞɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɦɢɫɢʁɚ ʁɟɨɤɨɧɱɚɧɚ ʁɭɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ266 ɇɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟ  ɇɟɬɚɤɨɞɚɜɧɨɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɢɦɚɨɩɪɢɥɢɤɭɞɚɫɟɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɞɚɥɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢɦɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɍ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟ ɨɛɚɜʁɟɫɬɢɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɢɡɜɟɥɚ Äɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢ ɬɟɫɬ³ɩɨɞɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɢɦɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚɤɚɨÄɧɨɜɭɦʁɟɪɭʁɚɱɚʃɚɪɚɬɧɢɯɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɚɭɫɜɪɯɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ.“267 Ʉɚɨɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢɫɟɧɚɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ ɢɡ ɉɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ 9,, ʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ268 ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɨɫɭɞɢɨ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɭ ɩɪɨɛɭɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟɨɞɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɢɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɨɜɚʁɱɢɧɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ  (2006).269 Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ʁɚɫɧɨɝ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɍ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤ ɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟ Ʉɨɪɟʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ Äɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢ ɬɟɫɬ ɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨʁ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚɦɚɢɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɭ³270 265 Ȱ/Res//1312/2000 266 Ȱ/Res/1827/2008 267 Ȱ 268 S/Res/1718/2006 269 Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɨɨɫɭɻɭʁɟɫɟɥɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɟ ɛɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟʁɭɥɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ 270 639ɫɬS. 64 ɊɚɬɭȳɭɠɧɨʁɈɫɟɬɢʁɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɊɭɫɢʁɟɢȽɪɭɡɢʁɟ Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨɢɤɚɞɚɫɭɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢɫɜɢɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɭɫɥɨɜɢɞɚɛɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɚɦʁɟɪɟɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɬɪɟɛɚɜɨɞɢɬɢɪɚɱɭɧɚɨɬɨɦɟɞɚɬɟɦʁɟɪɟɛɭɞɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɭ ɧɚɤɨʁɢɫɟɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɍ ɧɨʄɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ  ɢ  ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɚ ʁɟ, ɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɜɪɚɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɚ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɯ ɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ȳɭɠɧɟ Ɉɫɟɬɢʁɟɤɨʁɚ ʁɟde facto ɛɢɥɚɩɨɞɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦɊɭɫɢʁɟɨɞɪɚɫɩɚɞɚɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɋɚɜɟɡɚ ɇɚɩɚɞȽɪɭɡɢʁɟɩɪɨɭɡɨɪɤɨɜɚɨʁɟɝɭɛɢɬɤɟɦɟɻɭɪɭɫɤɢɦɦɢɪɨɜɧɢɦɫɧɚɝɚɦɚɊɭɫɢʁɚʁɟɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɩɨɫɥɚɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ  ɚɪɦɢʁɭ, ɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɨ- ɞɟɫɚɧɬɧɟʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ ɬɟɪɭɫɤɭɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɭɤɨʁɢɫɭɡɚɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨɞɚɧɚɩɨɪɚɡɢɥɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɟ ɨɱɢɫɬɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɬɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɢ ɞɢɨ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɟ ɇɚɤɨɧ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɝ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ  ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ Ɋɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɜɭɤɥɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɪɧɢ ɬɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬȳɭɠɧɟɈɫɟɬɢʁɟɢȺɛɯɚɡɢʁɟ ɇɚ ɞɚɧ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɍɇ-ɚ Ȼɚɧ Ʉɢ Ɇɭɧ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬɨɫɬ ɡɛɨɝ ɟɫɤɚɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ Äɭɡɞɪɠɟ ɨɞ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɩɨɝɨɪɲɚɬɢ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ³271 ɍ ɪɚɧɢɦ ʁɭɬɚɪʃɢɦ ɫɚɬɢɦɚ  ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɡɜɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɯɢɬɧɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɤɪɢɡɧɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟɇɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨɝ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɚ ɢ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɫɟɩɚɪɚɬɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɭ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ ɍ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɚ  ɞɚɧɚɊɭɫɢʁɚ ʁɟɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɢɥɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɨɦɛɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɚɨɞɛɚɰɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɊɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɧɢɫɭɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɟɡɛɨɝɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ ɂɪɚɤɥɢ Ⱥɥɚɫɚɧɢʁɚ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɚ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɟ ɩɪɢ ɍɇ-ɭ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɭɻɢɜɚɥɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ Ɋɭɫɢʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɊɭɫɢʁɟ ɛɢɨɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟɦɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɭɫɤɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɚ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɞɭɛɨɤɨ ɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɝɪɚɞɭ 271 Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢɂɬɚɪ-Ɍɚɫ-ɚɨɞɚɜɝɭɫɬɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ http://georgiancrissis.blogspot.com/2008/08/un-secretary-general-voices-grave.html, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 65 Ɍɢɛɢɥɢɫɢʁɭ ɞɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɞɚʁɟɞɨɲɥɨ ɞɨɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟɞɢʁɟɥɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟȽɪɭɡɢʁɟ 66 Ɉɞɧɨɫɢɡɦɟɻɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ʉɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɚɧɬɚɝɨɧɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɫɟɝɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɪɠɚʃɟ ɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ ɢɞɟʁɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɫɢɝɭɪɚɬɢ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ Ʉɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚʃɭɭɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɦɢɪɧɨɝɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɨɪɟɬɤɚɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɪɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɚɧɚɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɞɟɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɚɧɩɨɝɥɟɞɧɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɉɪɚɤɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɦɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɡʁɚɫɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɜɨɝ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɇɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɫɚɜɟɡɢ ɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ  ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɢ ɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɧɚɜʂɚʃɟɦ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢɉɨɜɟʂɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɦɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɤɢɦɚɤɬɢɦɚ, ɧɟɝɨɫɭɲɢɪɨɤɚɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɚɭɦɧɨɝɨɛɪɨʁɧɢɦɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɢɦɚɌɨʁɟɛɢɥɨɧɚʁɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɯɧɚɪɟɞɛɢ ɨɩɪɟɤɢɞɭɜɚɬɪɟɤɚɨɤɨɞɫɭɤɨɛɚɧɚɎɨɥɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɦɨɫɬɪɜɢɦɚ ɤɨɞ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɂɪɚɤɚ ɢɂɪɚɧɚ ɤɨɞ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢ ɪɚɬɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ ɢ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɍ ɫɜɢɦ ɨɜɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɭɩɭɲɬɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɡɚ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɟɧɚɬɨɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɧɟɦɨɪɚ ɞɚɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢɡɚɦʁɟɧɭɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɢɦɚɨɩɰɢʁɭɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɥɚɛɢʁɟɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɚ ɜɢɲɟɝ ɰɢʂɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɉɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɚɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɭɁɚɥɢɜɫɤɨɦɪɚɬɭ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɟɍɩɨɱɟɬɤɭɨɜɨɝɫɭɤɨɛɚɋɚɜʁɟɬʁɟɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɩɨɞɪɠɚɨɩɪɚɜɨɄɭɜɚʁɬɚ ɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɚɞɚʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɨɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɟɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɂɪɚɤɚɚɩɢɬɚʃɟɞɚɥɢ ɫɭɄɭɜɚʁɬɢʃɟɝɨɜɢɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɰɢɡɚɞɪɠɚɥɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɤɨɪɫɢɬɟɫɢɥɭɨɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɪɚɡʁɚɲʃɟɧɨ ɍ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɨʁ ɮɚɡɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɄɭɜɚʁɬɚɞɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɫɜɨʁɢɨɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ 67  ɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɛɢɨɢɪɚɱɤɢɧɚɩɚɞ, ɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɫɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚɥɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɢɦɞɚɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɢɥɭɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɦɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɝɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɝ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ ɡɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɚ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɟ Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɚ ɭ Ȼɨɫɧɢ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɢɥɚ ɨɤɨ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɇɚɫɚɦɨɦɩɨɱɟɬɤɭɫɭɤɨɛɚɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɡɚ ɰɢʁɟɥɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɛɢɜɲɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟʃɚ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ʃɟɧɢɯɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɍɩɪɤɨɫɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɟɮɟɤɬɭɧɚɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɩɨɞɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɡɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɉɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɚɫɥɨ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɭȻɨɫɧɟɪɚɫɥɚɚɧɟɤɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɟɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɧɢʁɟɛɢɨɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɧɞɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɭɝɪɨɡɢɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɇɢʁɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚɨɩɲɬɚɩɨɞɪɲɤɚɡɚɨɜɚɤɜɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨʁɟɨɫɬɚɨɧɚɫɧɚɡɢɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚɪɚɬɚɂɧɢɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫʁɟɞɟɦɧɨɫɬɪɢɪɚɨɞɚɫɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɜɨʂɧɟɞɚɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɚɤɨʁɟɬɨ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚɥɨɢɡɝɥɟɞɟɡɚɛɪɡɨɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɉɪɚɤɫɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɬɢʁɟɥɨ ɪɚɞɢʁɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɢʁɟʂɭʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚʃɟɦɢɪɚɧɟɝɨɡɚɲɬɢɬɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɚɉɨɜɟʂɚɦɭɞɚʁɟɫɤɨɪɨɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɚɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɍ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɢ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɢ ɫɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɞɨɤ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɨɬɥɟ ʁɟ ɰɢʂ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɦɢɪɚɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɟɦɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɭɤɨɛɚɍɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɢɪɭɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɢɫɢɥɟɩɪɟɦɚɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɢɛɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚ ʃɟɧɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɡɚ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ Ɉɜɚɤɜɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɞɭɝɢɯɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚɦɟɻɭɨɫɧɢɜɚɱɢɦɚɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɤɨʁɢɫɭɧɚɤɪɚʁɭɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɢɞɚɛɪɡɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɭɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦɩɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɭɩɢɬɚʃɭɑɥɚɧ  ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɥɚɠɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɫɚɦɨɤɨɞɪɢʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚɫɩɨɪɨɜɚɚɥɢ 68 ɧɟɢɤɨɞɦʁɟɪɚɩɪɢɧɭɞɟɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɚɦɢɪɚ ɧɚɞɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟɦɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɑɥɚɧ  ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɦʁɟɪɟɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɱɢɦɟ ɫɟɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɱɥɚɧɨɜɟɢɤɨʁɢɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚɨɜɨɝɬɢʁɟɥɚȾɚɤɥɟɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɫɬɚʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɨɛɚɜʂɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɭ ɞɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɡɢɦɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɟɧɚɡɚɲɬɢɬɭɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɚɦɛɭɥɢ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɫɩɚɲɚɜɚ Äɛɭɞɭʄɚ ɩɨɤɨʂɟʃɚ ɧɟɦɚɧɢ ɪɚɬɚ³ ɚ ɨɞ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɭɫɜɟɜɟʄɨʁɦʁɟɪɢɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɪɚɞɢɨɥɚɤɲɚɜɚʃɚʂɭɞɫɤɢɯɩɚɬʃɢɱɢɦɟɫɟɭɜɨɞɢɩɨʁɚɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɱɨɜʁɟɱɚɧɫɬɜɚɭɦʁɟɫɬɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɍɨɩɲɬɟɧɨɱɥɚɧɨɦɨɱɭʄɚɜɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɩɨɞɪɟɞɢɩɪɚɜɨɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɨɩɲɬɟɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟɤɨʁɢɫɟɨɝɥɟɞɚɭɨɱɭɜɚʃɭɦɢɪɚ Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɫɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɤɨɫɢ ɫD ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɪɩɪɟɦɚɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɡɚ ɰɢʂ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɟ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɞɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɱɚ ɧɚɞɦɨʄɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɈɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɫɬɭɩɪɚɤɫɢɨɜɚɤɜɟɤɥɚɫɢɱɧɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɦʃɭ ɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ Ⱦɪɭɝɨɝ ɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ ɡɚɫɬɭɩʂɟɧ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɈɧɚɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟɞɚɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɧɟʄɟɞɟɫɢɬɢɭɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ ɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɤɚɞɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɭʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɦɢɪ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɛɪɡɨɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɨɦ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɧɢɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɱɚɢɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟʄɟɟɜɟɧɬɭɚɥɧɨɛɢɬɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟȾɚɤɥɟ ɭ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɟ ʁɟ ɫɜʁɟɫɧɨɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʁɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɢ ɫɟɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟɨɞɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɟ ɉɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɜɪɫɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɥɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɪɚʁɭɩɪɟɦɚɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚɱɥɚɧɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ  ɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɚ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ  ɫɟ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɢ ɫɚɫɜɢɦ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ  ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɤɚɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɟ.' Ⱦʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɦʁɟɪɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɭɫɩʁɟɯɭ 69 ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɭɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɟɝɨɩɪɟɦɚʃɢɯɨɜɢɦɟɮɟɤɬɢɦɚɧɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɲɢɪɟɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɤɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟɧɨ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɭ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɟ ɟɮɟɤɬɟ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɢɦ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭ ɨɜɚʁ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɰɢɨɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɥɢɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɩɨɫɬɢɠɭ ɫɜɨʁ ɰɢʂ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɟɄɚɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɭɬɜɪɞɢɞɚɫɭɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɟ ɢɥɢɤɚɞɚɫɟɬɨɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ ɤɪɨɡɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɨɬɨɦɟɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɚɤɨʁɟɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨɧɟɭɬɟɦɟʂɟɧɚ. Ɉɜɨɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɢɡ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɟ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɞɢʁɟɥɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɞɚɫɭɦʁɟɪɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɫɚɦɨɤɚɞɚʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚʃɢɯɨɜɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɚɤɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɚɧ Ɉɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɫɭɩɨɜʁɟɪɟɧɚɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɚɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɱɢɦɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɭʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɨɤɜɢɪɭɲɢɪɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɟɦɚɉɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ9,, ɤɨʁɟɫɭɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɤɨʁɟɫɟɦɨɝɭɧɚɡɜɚɬɢɢɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɟɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ  Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ 9,, ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɟɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɢɧɟɫɦɢʁɟɫɥɭɠɢɬɢɞɚɫɟɧɚɦɟɬɧɟɤɨɧɚɱɧɨɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɚɲɬɨʁɟɛɢɥɨɩɢɬɚʃɟɨɞɢɡɭɡɟɬɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɨɬɟɤɫɬɭɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɋɚɦɨɡɛɨɝɨɜɚɤɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɝɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɚɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚɉɨɜɟʂɚɞɨɩɭɲɬɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚɩɪɚɜɧɭɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɭɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦɬɢɦɢɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚʃɢɯɨɜɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢʃɢɯɨɜɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬ Ʉɚɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɨɝ ɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɭɬɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ -ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɜɟɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚ ɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ 70 ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɩɪɟʁɭɞɢɰɢɪɚɢɫɯɨɞɫɭɤɨɛɚɤɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɱɢɧɢɫɟ ɛɢɨɫɥɭɱɚʁɬɨɤɨɦɪɚɬɚɭȻɨɫɧɢ ɍɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɚɤɨɜɟɪɚɡɥɢɤɟɧɢɫɭɬɚɤɨɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɟɤɚɨɲɬɨɫɟɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɤɚɞɚ ɫɟɱɢɬɚɬɟɤɫɬɉɨɜɟʂɟɉɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɢɤɨɧɚɱɧɨɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɢ ʁɟɪ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɦɢɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɛɟɡɩɪɟʁɭɞɢɰɢɪɚʃɚɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɚɫɬɪɚɧɚɭɫɭɤɨɛɭɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜʁɟɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɚɧ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦ ɡɚ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɋɬɨɝɚɞɚɛɢɫɟɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɥɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ʁɟɧɟɢɡɛʁɟɠɧɨɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɢɦ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɨ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɉɨɲɬɨ ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɤɪɚɬɤɨɪɨɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɢ ɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɨɝɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɚɫɩɨɪɚɨɧɚɧɟɫɚɞɪɠɢɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɨɤɜɢɪɭɡɚɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟ ɤɨʁɢɫɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɜɟɞɜɢʁɟɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɡɚɨɧɟɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟɭɤɨʁɢɦɚɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧɢɢɥɢɩɪɚɜɞɚɢɥɢɦɢɪɚɥɢɧɟɨɛɨʁɟɈɜɞʁɟɫɟɦɨɠɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢɨɩɪɚɡɧɢɧɢɭ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ ʁɟɪ ɧɟ ɨɧɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɝɧɨɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɤɚɞɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɫɚɲɬɟɬɧɢɦɞɭɝɨɪɨɱɧɢɦ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɦɚɚɤɨɦɢɪɧɟɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɧɚɞɪɭɝɢɧɚɱɢɧ ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɚ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɨɧɞɚ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɠɪɬɜɨɜɚɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɭɢɥɢɞɢɨʃɟɧɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɡɛɨɝɨɩɲɬɟɝɞɨɛɪɚɦɢɪɚ ɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɤɨɛɭ ɫɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɦɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɱɢʁɢ ɫɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɋɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧ ius cogens ɧɨɪɦɚɦɚ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦɩɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɜɪɞʃɭɞɚʁɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɚʁɜɢɲɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɝɞʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɩɨɡɞɪɚɜʂɚ ɫɤɥɚɩɚʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ius cogens ɧɨɪɦɚɦɚ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɫɟɲɬɢɬɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟɤɚɨɰʁɟɥɢɧɟɚɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɜɟɡɚɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɜɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟius cogens ɧɟɞɨɞɢʁɟʂɭʁɟɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɚɧɫɬɚɬɭɫɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɇɚ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɢ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɢ  ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɝɨɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚɱɥɚɧɨɦɂɞɚɫɟɨɜɚɤɜɚɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɚɨɞɧɨɫɢɫɚɦɨɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ 71 ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɨɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɨɜɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɱɚɤɢɨɧɚɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɚɑɚɤɢ ɞɚɫɟɩɨʁɚɦ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɬɭɦɚɱɢɭɧɚʁɲɢɪɟɦɫɦɢɫɥɭɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɞɚɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɬɨɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɰɢɜɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɨ ɨɩɟɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɧɟɛɢɞɚɥɨɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɪɟɬɤɭ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ɩɚɠʂɢɜɨɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯɩɪɚɜɧɢɯɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɨɬɤɪɢɜɚɫɟɞɚʁɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɱɟɫɬɨɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɪɚɡɧɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɇɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɚɤɨ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɢʄɟɧɨ ɋɥɢʁɟɞɨɦɬɨɝɚɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɪɨɡɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɚɤɨ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɬɪɟʄɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɰɢɜɢɥɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɟɧ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɚʃɟ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚɈɜɚɤɚɜɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɫɟɧɟɤɨɫɢɫɚɬɟɨɪɢʁɨɦɨɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɲɬɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɭɡɦɟ ɋɭɜɟɪɟɧɨɫɬ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ʁɟɪ ɚɤɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ272 ɨɧɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɢ  ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɢɯ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɫ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɢ ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɫɭɦʃɢɜɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ: ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɢ ɱɚɤ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɬɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɚ  ɤɨʁɨɦ ɛɢ ɠɪɬɜɨɜɚɨ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɧɚɨɱɢɝɥɟɞ ɧɟɩɪɢɜɥɚɱɧɨɦ ɨɜɚɤɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢɄɨɧɚɱɧɨɞɨɤɨɜɚɤɜɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɞɛɟɦɨɪɚʁɭɛɢɬɢɭɡɟɬɟɭɨɛɡɢɪɬɨɤɨɦɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɨɧɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚɢɡɩɪɚɜɧɟɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɉɢɬɚʃɟɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɫɟɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɭʁɟɤɚɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɧɟ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʃɟɧɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ Ɍɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɢ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɦ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɜɨ ɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɢɦɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ 272 ɇɩɪɭɞɪɭɠɢɜɚʃɟɦɜɢɲɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɧɨɜɭɞɪɠɚɜɭɢɥɢɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɢɦɨɫɚɦɨɫɬɚʂɢɜɚʃɟɦɧɢɠɢɯ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɨɱɟɦɭɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɛɪɨʁɧɢɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɭɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɢ 72 ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚɥɟɤɨɫɟɠɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɫɜɨɝ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɞɪɭɲɬɜɟɧɨɝ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɢɜɨɭ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟ ɠɪɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧɫɬɜɚɢɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʂɭɞɫɤɨɝɠɢɜɨɬɚɲɬɨɫɟɧɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɢɧɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɋɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚ ɦɨʄ ɞɚ ɭɝɨɪɡɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɬɢ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ɱɢʁɚ ɛɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɬɚɤɜɢɯɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɚ ɩɨɡɢɜɨɦɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɥɢɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ. ɍ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɬɪɟʄɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚɛɢɦɨɝɥɚɢɦɚɬɢɩɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɧɚɞɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɚɥɢɢɫɬɢɫɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɨɞ ɭɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɢ ɩɚɬʃɢ273 ɀɪɬɜɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɞɨɛɪɨɛɢɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɩɨɪɟɬɤɭɱɢʁɢɫɭɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɢɢɥɢɧɚɪɨɞɢɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ɍɟɧɞɟɧɰɢʁɚɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚʁɟɰʁɟɥɨɜɢɬɨɫɬɢɥɢɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɚɭɩɢɬɚʃɚɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚ ɫɧɚɝɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɤɚɨ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɨʄ ɨɩɲɬɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɪɚɞɢɨɱɭɜɚʃɚɦɢɪɚɢɫɩɚɫɟʃɚ ɛɭɞɭʄɢɯɩɨɤɨʂɟʃɚɧɟɦɚɧɢɪɚɬɚ 274 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɞɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɬɟɤɥɨ ɨɞɥɢɤɭ ɭɫɬɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɪ ɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɚɤ ɩɨɫʁɟɞɭʁɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɭ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɭɤɨʁɨʁɫɭɩɨɜʁɟɪɟɧɚɦɧɨɝɨɲɢɪɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɟɝɨɢɯɢɦɚɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɲɬɨɜɢɲɟɩɨɞɫʁɟʄɚɧɚɜɥɚɞɭɧɟɝɨɧɚɨɛɢɱɚɧɨɪɝɚɧʁɟɞɧɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɍ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɩɨɞɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚɭ ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟɦɫɦɢɫɥɭɬɟɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɭɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨ ɩɪɟɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɩɨɪɟɬɤɚ 273 ɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɬ ɧɭɠɧɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɞ ɞɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɧɭɠɧɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɭɜɟʄɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚɧɭɠɧɚɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚɚɤɨ ʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɫɬɜɚɪɚɧɢɥɢɤɨʁɢɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɢɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɭɚ ɦɨɠɟɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɢɭɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɬɪɟʄɢɯɥɢɰɚȺɧɚɥɨɝɧɨɬɨɦɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ ɭɜɚɠɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɩɟɰɢɮɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɡɚɧɟ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚɜɟɡɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɭɚ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚʁɟɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɤɨʁɚɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɡɚɲɬɢɬɭɩɪɚɜɚɬɪɟʄɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ 274 ɉɪɟɚɦɛɭɥɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ. 73 ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɦɠɢɜɨɬɭɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɭɲɬɚɨ ɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɢɥɢɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɭɱɥɚɧɚɧɢʁɟɡɚɭɡɟɨɫɬɚɜɨɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚɨɜɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟɫɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɦɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚɦɚɢɧɟɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭȾɚ ɛɢɫɟɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɢɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɨɝɥɢɩɪɨɭɱɢɬɢɫɚɜɟʄɨɦɞɨɡɨɦɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨʁɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢɩɪɚɤɫɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɤɨɞɬɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ 74 ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɍɆȿȭɍɇȺɊɈȾɇɈɆ ɋɍȾɍɉɊȺȼȾȿ ɍɜɨɞ 0ɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɝɥɚɜɧɢɫɭɞɫɤɢɨɪɝɚɧɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ 275 ɚɤɚɤɨɫɭ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɥɢɠɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɨʁ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɬɚɤɨ Ɇɋɉ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɪɢʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɫɭɞɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ.276 ɋɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɨɝɪɨɦɚɧ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɨʁ ɬɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɚɬɨɦ ɫɩɨɪɭ ʃɢɯɨɜ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɭɞɫɤɟ ɢ ɚɪɛɢɬɪɚɠɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɛɪɨ ɩɨɡɧɚɬ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɫɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɨɪɢʁɟɧɬɢɪ ɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɨʁ ɞɟɛɚɬɢ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ277 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɭ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɢ ɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭʁɟɬɨɤɨɦʃɟɝɨɜɨɝɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚɛɢɥɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ278 Ⱦɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɆɋɉ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ279 27. ʁɭɧɚ ɢɫɬɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɇɋɉ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɢɨ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɨ ɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ280 ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɩɨ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬ ɭɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɭ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ 275 ɉɨɜɟʂɚɍɇ-ɚɱɥɚɧɋɬɚɬɭɬɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɱɥɚɧɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ ɍɇ-ɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚɫʂɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɋɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ Ɉɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɲɟɩɪɟɦɚɫɬɚɬɭɬɭɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɢɡɪɚɻɟɧɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɋɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɱɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚ  276 ND White, The United Nations System: Towards International Justice, London Lynne Reinner 2002, ɫɬɪ 111-ɢ-19. 277 N Ochoa-Ruiz ɢ(6DODPDQFD-Aguado, 'Exploring the Limits of International Law Relating to the Use of Force in Self-Defence' 2005, 16 European Journal of International Law ɫɬɪ 499, 501 278 ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨɦɨɠɟɫɟɪɟʄɢɞɚɛɪɨʁɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɛɢɥɢɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɪɚɫɩɪɚɟɩɪɟɞɋɭɞɨɦɩɨɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɟɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɦɚɥɢɩɪɨɰɟɧɚɬɭɤɭɩɧɨɝɛɪɨʁɚɫɩɨɪɨɜɚɤɨʁɢ ɫɭɫɟɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɞ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚɋɭɞɚɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɨ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɞɚ ɭɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɤɚɞɚɫɟɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɟɫɩɨɪɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɞɚɫɟɨɛɪɚɬɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɪɢʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ ȼɢɞɢ 0: -DQLV 7KH International Court' in MW Janis (ed), International Court for the Twenty-)LUVW&HQWXUɭDordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1992, ɫɬɪ-20. ɑɢɧɢɫɟ ɞɚʁɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɞɢɫɩɚɪɢɬɟɬɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɧɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɤɨɞɫɩɨɪɨɜɚɤɨʁɢɫɟɬɢɱɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɝɞʁɟɫɩɚɞɚʁɭɢ ɨɧɢɨɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ 279 Ɂɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɑɢɦɧɢɧɚɜɨɞɢɝɨɞɢɧɟɞɚ ɭɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɢɯɝɨɞɢɧɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɦɚɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɡ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɫɭɡɛɢʁɚʃɭ ɧɚʁɜɟʄɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɝɨɞɢɥɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ  Bhupinder Singh Chimni, 'The International Court and the Maintenance of Peace and Security: The Nicaragua Decision and the United States Response,' 1986, 35 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, ɫɬɪ 280 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, 1984 ICJ REP. 392 June 27, 1986 75 ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɞ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɚɫɬ ɭ ɛɪɨʁɭ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɚ ɋɭɞɭ ɦɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɞ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋɭɞɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɧɟɲɟɧɨ  ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɞɜɨɫɬɪɭɤɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɢɯ Ɋɟɝɢɫɬɪɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɡɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ɨɜɢ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɢ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɢɫɚʃɟ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɨɝ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɭɞɚ281 ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬɬɨɦɟɭɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɢɦ ɋɭɞɭɨɞɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɞɨɞɚɧɚɫ, ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨʁɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɧɨɞɚɫɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟɫɢɥɟɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɬɨɝɚɦɨɠɟɦɨɪɟʄɢɞɚ ɫɟɋɭɞɪɟɞɨɜɧɨɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɞɚɪɢʁɟɲɢɫɩɨɪɨɜɟɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɞɚɭɬɜɪɞɢɞɚɥɢʁɟɫɢɥɚɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɚɨɞʁɟɞɧɟɢɥɢɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɚɢ ɞɚɥɢʁɟɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟɫɢɥɟɛɢɥɨɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɢɥɢɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨ ɉɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɞɚɫɟɫɜɟɱɟɲʄɟɨɛɪɚʄɚʁɭɋɭɞɭ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟɧɚɜɚɠɧɭɭɥɨɝɭɤɨʁɭɨɧ ɢɝɪɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚʃɭ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪɟɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɜɟʄɭ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟ ɋɭɞɭ ɪɢʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɨɜɨɞɨɦɝɨɞɢɲʃɟɝɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɚɨɪɚɞɭɋɭɞɚɫɭɞɢʁɚɏɢɝɢɧɫʁɟɧɚɜɟɥɚ ȳɨɲʁɟɞɧɚɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚɤɨʁɚɫɟɱɟɫɬɨɩɨɜʁɟɪɚɜɚɋɭɞɭɧɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɟɬɢɱɟɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ 282 7Hɲɤɨʁɟɡɚɦɢɫɥɢɬɢɞɚɛɢɫɭɞɢʁɚɏɢɝɢɧɫɨɜɚɤɜɭɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɞɚɥɚɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɞɨɥɚɫɤɚɭɋɭɞ1ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɇɨɠɟɫɟɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢɞɚɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɨɨɫɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟɤɨɞɩɢɬɚʃɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɚɩɨɫɟɛɧɨɤɨɞɩɢɬɚʃɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɜɨɞɢ ɤɚ ɜɟʄɟɦ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɭ ɨɜɟ ɝɪɚɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɭɞɨɦ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɢʁɟ 281 Oscar Schachter, ‘Disputes Involving Use of Force’ in LF Damrosch (ed), The International Court of Justice at a Crossroads, 1HZȺɥɛɚɧɢʁɭ@ɨɞɜɪɚɬɢɥɚɨɞɩɭɰɚʃɚ ɧɚɛɪɨɞɨɜɟɭ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɭ289 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚɢɡɜɟɞɟɧʁɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚɫɭɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɟɡɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ ɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɞɚɫɟɬɚɤɜɚɩɪɢɥɢɤɚɩɨʁɚɜɢɛɢɥɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɟɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ 290 ɂɡɨɜɚɤɜɨɝɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɫɢʁɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɨɞɥɭɤɚɋɭɞɚɭɨɜɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɫɟɧɟɦɨɠɟɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢɧɚɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɠɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢɫɢɥɭɤɚɞɚɝɨɞ ɧɟɤɚɞɪɭɝɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɡɚɩɪɢʁɟɬɢɤɪɲɟʃɟɦ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɚ291 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɢ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɭ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɟɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɚɬɜɪɞʃɨɦɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɢɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɫɬɪɨɝɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɢɫɬɪɚɝɟ ɢ ɨɱɭɜɚʃɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɨɦ ɞɚ ɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɦɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɭɞɚɛɟɡɨɞɥɚɝɚʃɚ, ɢɡɧɟɫɟɩɢɬɚʃɟɩɪɟɞɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ292 ɋɭɞʁɟɞɚʂɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ >ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ@ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɟɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɚɞɨɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧɚʁɬɟɠɟɝɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɢɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɟɦɚɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ 293 Ⱦɚɤɥɟɫɜɨʁɨɦɩɪɟɫɭɞɨɦɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɪɮɫɤɢɤɚɧɚɥ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ, ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚɤɨɧ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɩɨɦɨʄ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɚ294 289 The Corfu Channel Case (Merits), 1949 ICJ Reports, ɫɬɪ 31. 290 H Waldock, The Regulation of the Use of Force by Individual States in International Law, 81 Hague Recueil, 1952-II, 455, ɫɬɪ 291 The Corfu Channel Case, ɫɬɪ 35. 292 Ibid., ɫɬɪ 34-35. 293 Ibid., ɫɬɪ 294 Alexandrov, op.cit., ɫɬɪ 79 ɋɥɭɱɚʁɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ʁɟ  ɚɩɪɢɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɧɢʁɟɥɚ ɬɭɠɛɭ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɥɟ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɭɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɢ ɩɪɭɠɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɢ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚɩɪɨɬɢɜȼɥɚɞɟɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟɍɬɭɠɛɢɫɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɧɚɜɨɞɢɞɚ ɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɥɟɫɢɥɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚɥɢɭɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɭɥɭɤɚɢɭɩɚɞɢɦɚɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɩɥɨɜɫɬɜɚɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟɬɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɥɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɥɚʄɚ ȼɥɚɞɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɥɢɥɢɰɚɩɨɞɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɦɤɨɦɚɧɞɨɦʃɟɧɟɜɥɚɞɟɌɪɢɞɚɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɩɨɞɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɬɭɠɛɟ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɥɟ ɫɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɋɭɞɚɧɟʄɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢɧɚɫɩɨɪɨɜɟɫɚɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɨɦɞɪɠɚɜɨɦɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɤɟɢɥɢɫɚɬɭɠɛɨɦɤɨʁɚɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɟɢɥɢ ʁɟɭɜɟɡɢɫɚɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɢɦɚɭɐɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨʁ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɰɢ ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɋɭɞɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭʁɟɪʁɟɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚɨɪɭɠʁɟɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢɭɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɭ ɉɪɜɨɦɨɞɥɭɤɨɦɋɭɞɚɨɞɦɚʁɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɨɞɛɚɱɟɧʁɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɤ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭɞɚɩɨɲɬɭʁɭɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɫɰɢʂɟɦ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚɍɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ɨɞ  ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɫɜɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɨɫɢɦ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɲɟɧ ɭ ɬɪɟʄɨʁ ɨɞɥɭɰɢɢɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɨɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɱɥɚɧɚ  ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɢɉɚɤɬɚɨɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɭɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢɢɩɥɨɜɢɞɛɢɢɡɦɟɻɭɋȺȾ-ɚɢɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɇɚɤɨɧɞɪɭɝɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɫɭɞɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɫɟɩɨɜɭɤɥɟɢɡɞɚʂɟɝɬɨɤɚɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɚ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨɫɭɢɩɨɜɭɤɥɟɫɜɨʁɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɚɤɧɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɭɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɋɭɞɚɚɩɪɢɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɍɫɜɨʁɨʁɬɪɟʄɨʁɢɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɨʁɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɋɭɞʁɟɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨɭɜɚɠɢɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɞɛɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɞɚ ɡɛɨɝɪɟɡɟɪɜɟ295 ɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟɧɚɋɬɚɬɭɬɋɭɞɚɢɫɬɢɧɢʁɟɢɦɚɨ 295 Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɨɞ  ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɭɡ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢ ȳɟɞɧɚ ɨɞ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɨɜɚ 80 ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɞɚɭɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦɫɩɨɪɭɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟɨɞɪɟɞɛɟɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɢɥɢɉɨɜɟʂɟ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɨɜɢɯɦɭɥɬɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɢɯɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɚɦɨɠɟɩɪɨɧɚʄɢɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ ɇɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɲɢɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɫɨɬɢ ɋɭɞ ɫɟ ɦɨɪɚɨ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨʁ ɬɜɪɞʃɢɢɡɧɟɲɟɧɨʁɭɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɢɦɟɞɚɫɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɨɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɲɫɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɨɞɛɢʁɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ 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ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɲɬɨɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɢɧɚɉɨɜɟʂɭɢɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɉɚɤɬ ɨɫɢɦɚɤɨɫɜɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɤɨʁɟɫɟɨɞɥɭɤɚɋɭɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɟ ɛɭɞɭ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɨɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɢɢɧɚɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟʁɟɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɚɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɧɢʁɟ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɨɭ ɫɩɨɪɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɝɚ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡ ɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭMilitary and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), merits, 1986 ICJ Reports, paras 42-56. 296 ,&-5HSRUWVɫɬɪSDUD 297 ,&-5HSRUWVɫɬɪSDUD. 81 (2) ɩɨɪɟɞɬɨɝɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɪɚɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɬɢɩɨɦɨʄɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɱɤɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ298 (3) “ɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɟɦɚʁɭɩɪɚɜɨɧɚµɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ¶ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦɫɢɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɚɤɚɬɚɤɨʁɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭµɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ¶´299 ɄɨɧɚɱɧɨɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɥɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɢ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɨɜɭ ɡɟɦʂɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɨɞɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɬɟɞɚɩɥɚɬɢɨɞɲɬɟɬɭɲɬɨ ɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɨɞɛɢɥɟɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚʁɟɢɡɧɢʁɟɥɚɫɩɨɪɩɪɟɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɝɞʁɟɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɭɥɨɠɢɥɟɜɟɬɨɧɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ300 ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɥɚȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨʁɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ301 ɫɚɝɥɚɫɚµɡɚ¶ɢ ɝɥɚɫɚµɩɪɨɬɢɜ¶ɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɬɪɚɠɢɩɨɲɬɢɜɚʃɟɨɞɥɭɤɚɋɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɫɭɞɚɉɪɨɬɢɜɨɞɥɭɤɟɫɭ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɢɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɢɂɡɪɚɟɥɍɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪʁɟɩɪɢɦɚɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢʁɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭ ɜɨʁɧɨʁ ɨɛɭɰɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɢɦɚɥɢ ɡɚɰɢʂɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟʂɟɜɢɱɚɪɫɤɨɝɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɩɨɩɭɬ ɨɧɨɝ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɋɚɧɞɢɧɢɫɬɚ ɇɚ ɢɫɬɨʁ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɥɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɭ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɭ ɢɫɬɪɚɠɢɜɚɱɤɭ ɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɭ ɫɚ ɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɨɦ ɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɞɝɥɟɞɚʃɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɚɦɨɲʃɟɝ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ, ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɭɡ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ Ƚɨɞɢɧɭ ɞɚɧɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ  ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɩɨɡɜɚɥɚ302 ɧɚ µɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɢ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɨ ɩɨɲɬɢɜɚʃɟ¶ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɋɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ Ɉɜɨɝ ɩɭɬɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɫɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɩɪɢɞɪɭɠɢɨ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢ ɩɨɲɬɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟ 298 Id. ɫɬɪ 105, para 199. 299 Id. ɫɬɪ 110, para. 211. 300 Ȱɨɞɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ 301 $5(6ɨɞɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ 302 $5(6ɨɞɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ. 82 ɋɥɭɱɚʁɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ303 ɍɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟɂɪɚɤɚɧɚɩɚɥɟ ɫɭɂɪɚɧɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɨ ɨɫɦɨɝɨɞɢɲʃɢɪɚɬɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɜɟɞɜɢʁɟɡɟɦʂɟɲɬɨʁɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɭɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɦɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ ɂɚɤɨʁɟɫɭɤɨɛɭɩɨɱɟɬɧɨʁɮɚɡɢɛɢɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɤɨɩɧɟɧɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɂɪɚɤʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɨɱɟɨɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɢɛɪɨɞɨɜɟɧɚɩɭɬɭɡɚɢɥɢ ɢɡɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɯɥɭɤɚɤɚɤɨɛɢɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɨ ɬɮɝɨɜɢɧɭɧɚɮɬɨɦɇɚɨɜɟɧɚɩɚɞɟɂɪɚɧʁɟɭɡɜɪɚɬɢɨɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɢɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦɦɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɝɚɻɚɥɢ ɢ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɟ ɧɚ ɩɭɬɭ ɡɚ ɤɭɜɚʁɬɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɚɭɞɢʁɫɤɟ ɥɭɤɟ ɇɚɩɚɞɢɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɢɪɚɧɫɤɟɧɚɮɬɧɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɤɨʁɢɥɟɠɟɭɫɪɰɭɨɜɨɝ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɟɫɢɥɢɫɭɫɟɧɚɤɨɧɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɤɭɜɚʁɬɫɤɢɬɚɧɤɟɪɤɨʁɢʁɟɩɥɨɜɢɨɩɨɞɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɭ ɮɪɟɝɚɬɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɟɬʁɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ ɛɥɢɡɭȻɚɯɪɟɢɧɚɍɡɬɜɪɞʃɭɞɚɢɪɚɧɫɤɟɧɚɮɬɧɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɫɥɭɠɟɡɚɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɭɨɜɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɭɧɢɲɬɢɥɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɨ ɱɟɬɢɪɢɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɟ ɧɚɮɬɭ ɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʂɟɧɟ ɲɬɟɬɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɢɪɚɱɤɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚ ɍɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɂɪɚɧʁɟɩɨɞɧɢɨ ɬɭɠɛɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɧɢɡ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟ ɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɟ ɧɚɮɬɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɭ ɉɟɪɡɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɡɚɥɢɜɭ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɭ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʂɟɧɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɂɪɚɧɫɤɚ ɬɭɠɛɚ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɥɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɧɭ ɤɥɚɭɡɭɥɭ ɢɡ ɉɚɤɬɚ ɨ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɨʁ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɢ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚ304 ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɨɝ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɂɪɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɨɦɨɫɧɨɜɭɡɚɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɋɭɞɚ305 303 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America ,&-5HSRUWVɫɬɪ. 304 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɂɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɋȺȾ-ɚ  ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɚɫɬɭɩɢɨɧɚɫɧɚɝɭʁɭɧɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɑɥɚɧ;;,  ɝɥɚɫɢ³Ȼɢɥɨɤɨʁɢɫɩɨɪ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȼɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɉɚɤɬɚ ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɪʁɟɲɟɧ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɪɟɞɚʁɟ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ȼɢɫɨɤɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɟ ɧɟ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɦɢɪɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ´ ɉɪɟɭɡɟɬɨ ɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ http://www.parstimes.com/law/iran_us_treaty.html, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 305 ɍɜɟɡɢɫɚɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɦɬɚɥɚɱɤɟɤɪɢɡɟɢɡ-ɝɨɞɢɧɟɂɪɚɧʁɟɩɨɪɢɰɚɨɞɚʁɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɉɚɤɬɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɩɨɪɟɞɞɪɭɝɢɯɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɫɥɭɠɢɨɤɚɨɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɚɧɨɫɧɨɜɡɚɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɋɭɞɚʁɨɲɭɜɢʁɟɤɧɚɫɧɚɡɢɢ ɨɞɛɢɨʁɟɞɚɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟɭɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭɈɞɥɭɤɨɦɋɭɞɚɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɂɪɚɧʁɟɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɦɡɚ ɤɪɲɟʃɟɧɢɡɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɩɪɟɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɫɭɜɪɢʁɟɞɢɥɟɭɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɢɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɉɚɤɬɤɚɨɢɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɨɩɲɬɟɝɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɨɧɚɤɨʁɚ ɫɟɬɢɱɭɬɪɟɬɦɚɧɚɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨɝɢɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɨɝɨɫɨɛʂɚUnited States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Teheran (US v Iran), Judgment, 1980 ICJ Reports 3. 83 ɍ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɧɢʁɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪ ɬɪɚɠɟʄɢɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɭɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚɬɜɪɞɟʄɢɞɚɫɟɉɚɤɬɧɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɩɢɬɚʃɚɤɨʁɚɫɟɬɢɱɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɞɨɧɢɨ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɨ ɬɭɠɛɢ ɂɪɚɧɚ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɭɝɪɨɡɢɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɭɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɚɱɥɚɧɨɦX (1) ɢɞɚ ɥɢɫɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɝɥɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɢɡɚɲɬɢɬɨɦɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɩɪɟɞɜɢɻɟɧɨɱɥɚɧɨɦ;;   ɞ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɉɚɤɬɚɉɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɟɧɚȻɟɱɤɭɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɭɨɩɪɚɜɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯɭɝɨɜɨɪɚɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɫɟɱɥɚɧ ;;   ɞ  ɧɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɨ ɨɞ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɯ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɢ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɢɯɭɉɨɜɟʂɢɍɇ-ɚɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ ɚɞɚɨɜɚɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚɱɢɧɢɧɟɢɡɨɫɬɚɜɚɧɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɭɩɪɨɰɟɫɭɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɱɥɚɧɚ ;;   ɞ ɉɚɤɬɚ306 ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɭ;;   ɞ ɉɚɤɬɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨɩɪɟɦɚɬɨʁɨɞɪɟɞɛɢɛɟɡ ɭɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟ ɨɩɲɬɢɯ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ307 ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɞɨɤɚɡɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɋɭɞɭɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚɥɢ ɮɨɬɨɝɪɚɮɢʁɟ, ɬɟɢɫɤɚɡɟɫɜʁɟɞɨɤɚɢɜʁɟɲɬɚɤɚ, ɋɭɞʁɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɢɫɭɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɤɨʁɢɛɢɭɤɚɡɢɜɚɥɢɧɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɂɪɚɧɚɡɚɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɨɦɧɚɤɭɜɚʁɬɫɤɢɬɚɧɤɟɪ ɤɨʁɢɛɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ⱦɨɤɚɡɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɚɧ ɮɢɡɢɱɤɢ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɭɜɚʁɬɫɤɢ ɬɚɧɤɟɪ ɩɨɝɨɻɟɧ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɦ ɜɪɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɂɪɚɧ308 ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚɂɪɚɧ ʁɟ ɩɨɪɢɰɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɨɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɭ Ɂɚɥɢɜɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɨ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɟ ɞɚ ʁɟɦɢɧɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɢɲɥɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɚ ɮɪɟɝɚɬɚ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɂɪɚɤɚ309 ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɫɜɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɞɨɤɚɡɟ ɩɨɧɭɻɟɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ310 ɋɭɞʁɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝɪɚɬɧɨɝɛɪɨɞɚɧɢʁɟ 306 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America), merits, 2003 ICJ Reports, para 125 307 Id. SDUDɾ-41 308 Id. SDUDɾ-64 309 Id. ɪDUD 310 Ⱦɨɤɚɡɢ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɚ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɥɢɫɭɫɟɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɧɚɨɬɤɪɢʄɟɩɨɬɨɩʂɟɧɟɦɢɧɟɤɨʁɚʁɟɧɚɫɟɛɢɢɦɚɥɚɢɪɚɧɫɤɟɫɟɪɢʁɫɤɟɛɪɨʁɟɜɟ ɧɚɢɫɬɨɦɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭɝɞʁɟʁɟɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɚɮɪɟɝɚɬɚɧɚɢɲɥɚɧɚɦɢɧɭId. paraɾ-ɇɢɬɢʁɟɞɚɧɞɨɤɚɡɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢɭɜɨʁɧɟɫɜɪɯɟId. para 76. 84 ɫɚɦɨɩɨɫɟɛɢɛɢɥɨɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɞɚɞɚɛɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɨɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɱɢɧ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɢɧɟ ɛɢɨ ɢɬɟɤɚɤɨ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɦ ɢɡɪɚɡɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɢɡɱɥɚɧɚ. ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɢɡɧɚɱɟʃɟɦɬɨɝɢɡɪɚɡɚɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɂɪɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɤɚɡɢ ɨ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɨʁɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝɪɚɬɧɨɝɛɪɨɞɚɛɢɥɢɧɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɢ311 ɋɭɞɭʁɟɨɫɬɚɥɨʁɨɲɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɞɚɥɢɫɭɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɤɨʁɟɫɭ ɫɟɠɚɥɢɥɢɂɪɚɧɰɢɦɨɝɥɟɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɞɚɭɝɪɨɡɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɡɚɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɭ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ;  ɉɚɤɬɚ ɉɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɞɨɤɚɡɢɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɥɢɫɭɧɚɡɤʂɭɱɚɤɞɚɫɭɭɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɩɪɜɨɝ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɮɬɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɭ ɮɚɡɢ ɪɟɦɨɧɬɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɢɪɚɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɜɚɧ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɪɚɻɢɜɚɥɟ ɧɚɮɬɭ ɇɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɚ ɫɦɟɬʃɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚɧɨʁ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ ;   ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨʁ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɚʃɚ312 ɍ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɮɬɧɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɭɚɩɪɢɥɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɚɫɧɚɡɢʁɟɛɢɨɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡ ɧɚɮɬɟɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɝɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɚɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚɢɬɦɟɻɢɂɪɚɧɚɢɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚɜɟʄɛɢɥɚɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɚ313 ɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɋɭɞʁɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚɭɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɝɨɞɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟɧɚɮɬɨɦɢɡɦɟɻɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɂɪɚɧɚɢ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚʁɟɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɢɦɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɚɦɚ, ɬɚɤɨɞɚɫɟɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɋȺȾ-ɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɚɪɭɲɢɥɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɚɮɬɨɦɭɫɦɢɫɥɭɱɥɚɧɚ;  ɉɚɤɬɚɂɪɚɧɫɤɚɬɭɠɛɚɢɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɡɚɨɞɲɬɟɬɭɫɭɫɬɨɝɚ ɛɢɥɢɨɞɛɢʁɟɧɢ314 311 Id. ɪDUD 312 Id. para ɚɥɢɜɢɞɢId. ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟ ɋɢɦɚpara 26. 313 ɂɡɜɪɲɧɚ ɧɚɪɟɞɛɚ ɛɪ  ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟ ɭɜɨɡ ɢɡ ɂɪɚɧɚ  Fed. Reg    ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɨ ɉɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɊɟɝɚɧɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɍɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɫɟɩɪɟɛɚɰɭʁɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɧɚɂɪɚɧɡɚɬɨɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɨ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɚɧ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɋɭɞɭ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɉɚɤɬɚɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɨɧɨɞɧɫɨɞɚɭɬɜɪɞɢɞɚɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɟɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ;;   ɞ Oil Platforms case, para 94. 314 Oil Platforms case, SDUDɾ  Ⱦɜɨʁɢɰɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ $O-.KDVDZQHK ɢ (ODUDE\  ɫɭ ɝɥɚɫɚɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɞɥɭɤɟɜɟʄɢɧɟɢɢɡɞɜɨʁɢɥɢɫɜɨʁɟɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɚɫɭɞɢʁɚɋɢɦɚʁɟɩɨɞɪɠɚɨɨɞɥɭɤɭɦɚɞɚʁɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚɉɚɤɬ ɲɬɢɬɢɢɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɭɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɭɬɟʁɟɩɪɟɦɚʃɟɝɨɜɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɂɪɚɧɚɡɚɨɞɲɬɟɬɭɬɪɟɛɚɨɛɢɬɢ ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧId.ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɋɢɦɚpara 34. 85 ɉɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɭɠɛɟɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɨʁʁɟɂɪɚɧɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɨɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚɫɥɨɛɨɞɟɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɦɢɧɚɦɚɢɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɢɦɚɧɚɛɪɨɞɨɜɟɭ Ɂɚɥɢɜɭɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚ: Äɇɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨɞ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɭɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɨɜɢɞɛɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ȼɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɢɰɚ³315 ɇɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚɢɚɤɨ ʁɟɋɭɞɨɞɛɚɰɢɨɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɭɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚɫɭɧɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɨɪɝɚɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢɝɞʁɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ    ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɇɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɢɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ. Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧɩɪɨɬɢɜɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ316 ɍ ɦɚɪɬɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ ɫɟ ɨɛɪɚɬɢɨ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɬɭɠɛɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɨɦÄȻɚɤɚɫɢ³ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɬɭɠɛɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧɚ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɨɦ ÄȻɚɤɚɫɢ³ ɨɫɩɨɪɚɜɚɥɚʁɟɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɚɚɨɞɝɨɞɢɧɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟʁɟɩɨɩɪɢɦɢɥɨɨɛɥɢɤ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟʁɭɞɢɰɢɪɚɥɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɲɬɟɬɭ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧɚ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɞɋɭɞɚɬɪɚɠɢɥɚɞɚɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɢɧɚɥɨɠɢɧɚɤɧɚɞɭɲɬɟɬɟɄɚɦɟɪɭɧʁɟ ɞɚʂɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚʁɟɦɚɪɤɢɪɚʃɟɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɢʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨɫɚɦɨ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨɚɞɚɞɜɢʁɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɩɪɤɨɫɛɪɨʁɧɢɦɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢɦɚɧɢɫɭɭɫɩʁɟɥɟɞɨɜɟɫɬɢɬɚʁ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɞɨɤɪɚʁɚɍɞɨɩɭɧɢɬɭɠɛɟɢɡʁɭɧɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɄɚɦɟɪɭɧʁɟɨɞɋɭɞɚɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɞ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɑɚɞ ɢ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɢɤɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɨɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟɝɪɚɧɰɢɟɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɢʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ 315 Ɋɚɞɢ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɋɭɞɚ ɨ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨʁ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɭɠɛɢ ɢ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɜɢɞɢPieter H.F. Bekker 'Protecting International Shipping Channels During Hostilities and the Oil Platforms Case: Actio Popularis Revisited?' 29 Yale Journal of International Law, 2004, ɫɬɪ 316 Ʉɨɦɩɥɟɬɧɚɩɪɟɫɭɞɚɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢhttp://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/94/7453.pdf, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 86 ɍ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ Ƚɜɢɧɟʁɟ ɭ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ ɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟɦ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɢɦɚ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɚɩɪɚɜɚɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɬɪɟʄɢɯɡɟɦɚʂɚɬʁȽɜɢɧɟʁɟɭɨɜɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɍɨɤɬɨɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋɭɞʁɟɞɨɧɢɨɩɪɟɫɭɞɭɤɨʁɨɦʁɟɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɞɚɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɚɜɥɚɫɬ ɧɚɞ ɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɨɦ Ȼɚɤɚɫɢ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧɭ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ Ⱥɧɝɥɨ-ʃɟɦɚɱɤɢɦ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɨɦɨɞɦɚɪɬɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɈɞɥɭɤɨɦɋɭɞɚɬɚɤɨɻɟʁɟɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɭ ɞɭɠɢɧɢ ɨɞ  ɤɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɑɚɞ ɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚ ɬɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɇɚɢɦɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɢɨ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɢ ɞɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɨɜɭɱɟɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɟɢɥɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟɢɡɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ʁɟɡɟɪɚɑɚɞɤɨʁɟ ɫɩɚɞɚɩɨɞ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɭɜɥɚɫɬɄɚɦɟɪɭɧɚɢɫɚɩɨɥɭɨɫɬɪɜɚȻɚɤɚɫɢɄɚɦɟɪɭɧɭʁɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɨɞɚ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɢɫɜɨʁɭɭɩɪɚɜɭɩɨɜɭɱɟɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɟɢɥɢɜɨʁɧɟɫɧɚɝɟɢɡɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ ɤɨʁɚɩɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɢ ɍ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ ʁɟ ɨɞ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɱɢɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɢ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ317 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɥɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɞɨɤɚɡɚɞɚɩɨɤɚɠɟɞɚɫɭɫɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢɞɟɫɢɥɢɢɥɢɞɚɫɟ ɧɢɫɭɞɟɫɢɥɢɬɟʁɟɨɞɛɢɨɞɚɫɟɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɨɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭ318 ɍɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɬɢɦɋɭɞʁɟɨɞɛɢɨɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɄɚɦɟɪɭɧɚɞɚɫɟɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɚɨɝɥɚɫɢɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦɤɚɨɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɩɪɨɬɢɜɄɚɦɟɪɭɧɚ. Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ319 ɍ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Rɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɧɚɩɚɥɟ ɫɭ ɢ ɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɥɟ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɟ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ʉɨɧɝɚ ɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɨɞɥɭɰɢ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ Ʉɨɧɝɚ ɞɚ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɢ Ɋɭɚɧɞɟ ɧɚɩɭɫɬɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ. ɉɨɪɟɞɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɄɨɧɝɨʁɟɭ 317 Cameroon v Nigeria replique de la Republique du Cameroun, 2000, www.icj- cij.org/docket/files/94/8603.pdf, Part III, para 11. ɫɬɪ168. 318 Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) merits 2002, ICJ Reports 9, paras 323-24. 319 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda), 2005 ,&-5HSRUWVɫɬɪ. 87 ɬɭɠɛɢ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɍɝɚɧɞɚ ɪɟɝɪɭɬɨɜɚɥɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚɥɚɨɛɭɱɚɜɚɥɚɨɩɪɟɦɚɥɚɢɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɜɚɥɚɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɟɝɪɭɩɟɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɢ Ʉɨɧɝɚ ɱɢɦɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɧɨ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɍɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɭɠɛɢɍɝɚɧɞɚʁɟɩɨɪɟɞɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɧɚɜɟɥɚɞɚɫɭɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɝɪɭɩɟɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɄɨɧɝɚɜɪɲɢɥɟɭɩɚɞɟɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɍɝɚɧɞɟɬɚɤɨɞɚɫɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɍɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɞɨɧɟɫɟɧɨʁɝɨɞɢɧɟɋɭɞʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɨɬɜɪɞʃɭɄɨɧɝɚɞɚɩɨɡɢɜɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɚɤ  ɡɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ʉɨɧɝɚ ɍɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɭɫɟɧɚɜɨɞɢɞɚʁɟɨɞɥɭɤɚɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚɄɨɧɝɚɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚ ɨɫɭɞɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɄɨɧɝɚɢɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɟɬɟɡɟɦʂɟɧɚɫɚɦɢɬɭɭȼɢɤɬɨɪɢʁɚɎɨɥɫɭ ɧɚɤɨʁɟɦʁɟɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɢɍɝɚɧɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟɩɪɢɫɬɚɧɤɚɧɚɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɜɨʁɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɍɝɚɧɞɟɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢɄɨɧɝɚɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚ ʁɟɱɢɧɧɚɫɢɥɧɨɝ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɚɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɚɤɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚʄɟɧɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɜɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɨ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɭɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ɞɭɠɢɧɨɦɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ Ɋɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭʄɢɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɍɝɚɧɞɟɞɚʁɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟʃɟɧɟɜɨʁɫɤɟɛɢɥɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɢɡ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ, ɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɍɝɚɧɞɚɧɢʁɟɞɨɤɚɡɚɥɚɞɚɫɭɄɨɧɝɨɢɋɭɞɚɧ ɫɤɥɨɩɢɥɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɞɚɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɍɝɚɧɞɢɞɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɭɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɋɭɞʁɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨɞɚ ɍɝɚɧɞɚ ɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɨɩɢɫɭʁɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɧɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɭ . ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɚ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɞɦɟɬɧɭɬɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ  ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɥɟ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞ Ʉɨɧɝɚ ɢ ɋɭɞɚɧɚ ɇɚɞɚʂɟɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɍɝɚɧɞɚɧɢʁɟɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɥɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɫɚɨɩɲɬɟ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ, ɩɨɱɢʃɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɢ Ʉɨɧɝɭ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɢ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ  ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɨʁ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ  ɝ  Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɍɇ-ɚɚɨɞɛɢɨʁɟɞɚɫɟɢɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɭɤɨʁɟɦɦɨɦɟɧɬɭɧɚɩɚɞɢ 88 ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɫɤɢ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɟ ɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɧɢɬɢ ɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɟ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ʉɨɧɝɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɋɭɞ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɚɟɪɨɞɪɨɦɚ ɢ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚɦɚ ɤɢɥɨɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɭɞɚʂɟɧɢ ɨɞ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɱɢɧɢɥɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɧɭɠɧɢɦ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɢɡ ɩɪɟɤɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɭɧɭɬɚɪɫɬɪɨɝɢɯɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɱɥɚɧɚɢɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɟɫɦɢʁɭɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢɫɢɥɭɞɚ ɛɢɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɟɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɡɜɚɧɨɜɢɯɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɚɪɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɨɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɦɨɪɭɠʁɭ320 ɍ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɩɪɢɦɢɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɞɚɯɢɬɧɨɞɨɧɟɫɟ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭ Äɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚɩɪɟɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ"³ ɋɭɞʁɟɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚʁɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɧɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɧɚɡɚɯɬʁɟɜȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢɫɟɧɚɱɥɚɧ. ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚɋɭɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɨɪɝɚɧɤɨʁɢɬɪɚɠɢ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟÄɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɨɜɥɚɲɬɟɧɩɪɟɦɚɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚɞɚɩɨɞɧɟɫɟɬɚɤɚɜɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ³ ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɨɫɩɨɪɢɥɟɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɨȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɞɚɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɨ ɨɜɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɬɜɪɞɟʄɢɞɚɧɟɦɚɜɟɡɟɫɚɪɚɞɨɦ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɋɭɞʁɟɦɟɻɭɬɢɦɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɲɢɪɨɤɭɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɞɚɚɧɝɚɠɭʁɟɋɭɞɚɤɨʁɚɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢɢɡɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ- ɚɢɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɧɢɯɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɢɦɚɪɚɡɨɪɭɠɚʃɚɢɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚɋɭɞʁɟ ɡɚɬɢɦɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɡɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨ ɬɟ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɡɢ  ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɛɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɡɚ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧ 320 Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict (Nuclear Weapons advisory opinion), ,&-5HSRUWVɫɬɪ 89 ɇɚɤɨɧɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚ ʁɟɧɚɞɥɟɠɚɧ ɡɚɞɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɝɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ, ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɨ ɢɫɩɢɬɢɜɚʃɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɝɪɚɧɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɚɜɟɡɚɧɢɯɡɚɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɨɪɭɠʁɟɇɚɤɨɧɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɟ ɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɦɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟʂɭɞɫɤɢɯɩɪɚɜɚ321 ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɚ322 ɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ R ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɟ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɟ323 ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ 'ɤɨɞ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɧɚʁɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɭɝɨɜɨɪɢɨɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɦɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɭ 324 ɍɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɫɢɥɨɦɢɥɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɋɭɞʁɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨɞɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɱɥɚɧ    ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ, ɧɢɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɭʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚɤɚɨɬɚɤɜɨɝ325 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚɫɟɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢɦɨɪɭɠʁɟɦɢɥɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɢɫɬɨɝɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ prima facie ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ326 ɍɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɨɜɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢɦɨɪɭɠʁɟɦɢɥɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɬɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɫɧɢɨɞɚɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢɦ ɨɪɭɠʁɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɢɬɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɚɠɟ ɡɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɞɜɭɤɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ327 ɋɭɞʁɟʁɨɲɧɚɜɟɨ Äɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɬɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚɤɚɨɢɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɦɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɭɢɡɭɝɨɜɨɪɚɢɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɜɪɫɬɢɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɤɨʁɟɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɟɧɚɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɨɪɭɠʁɟ³328 321 Ʉɨɞ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɚɤɬɚ ɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɦɩɪɚɜɢɦɚɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɦɨɠɟɭɡɟɬɢɭɨɛɡɢɪɫɚɦɨɤɨɞɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚjus in bello. Id. paras 24-25. 322 ɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚɡɚɢɫɬɚɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɨ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɭ ɢ ɤɚɠʃɚɜɚʃɭ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɚ ɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɚ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɄɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟId. paras 24-25. 323 Id. SDUDɾ-33. 324 Id. para 34. 325 Id. SDUDɾ 326 Id. SDUDɾ-39, 105. 327 Id. SDUDɾ 328 Id. para 105. 90 Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢɦ ɨɪɭɠʁɟɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚɤɪɲɟʃɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɭɨɩɲɬɟɚɥɢ ɋɭɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚɭɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢɦɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ329 ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɨɝɡɢɞɚ  ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞɭ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨɭɩɭɬɢɨɨɞɥɭɤɭȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɞɚɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɨɦɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢȿȰ-ɚɤɨʁɚ ʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚ  ɯɢɬɧɨʁ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɢ ɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ. ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ Ʉɚɤɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɬɢɱɭ ɢɡ ɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɨɤɭɩɚɬɨɪɚɧɚɈɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɨʁɉɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɨʁɌɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟɭɢɨɤɨɥɨɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɝ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɚ ɤɚɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɨ ɭ ɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɦɭ ɭ ɨɛɡɢɪ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɭ ɑɟɬɜɪɬɭ ɠɟɧɟɜɫɤɭ ɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɩɨɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭ"330 ɍ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɫɜɚʁɚʃɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ    ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨ331 ɇɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɨɜɟ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɨɛɪɚɻɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ332 Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɚɩɪɟɞɋɭɞɨɦɂɡɪɚɟɥʁɟɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɫɬɚɥɨɝɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚ ʁɟɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚɡɢɞɚɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦɉɨɜɟʂɟ333 ɍɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭɧɚɨɜɚɤɜɟɬɜɪɞʃɟɋɭɞʁɟɧɚɜɟɨ 329 Id. para 105 330 GA Res ES-10/14 331 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, advisory opinion (2004) ICJ Reports 135. 332 Id. SDUDɾ 333 Ɉɜɚʁ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɟɫɟɧ ɢ ɩɪɟɞ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɨɦ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɇɚɰɢʁɚ ȼɢɞɢ 81'RF A/ES-10/ PV.21, 6. ɂɩɚɤɂɡɪɚɟɥɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɨɨɜɚʁ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɚɨɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢɢɩɪɟɞɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɍ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭ  ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɝ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɨ ɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ 91 ɑɥɚɧ. ɉɨɜɟʂɟɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɧɚɩɚɞɚʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɞɪɭɝɭɞɪɠɚɜɭɂɡɪɚɟɥɦɟɻɭɬɢɦɧɟ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʃɟɝɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɜɪɲɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ Ɉɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɢɦ ɉɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ Ɍɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɤɚɨɲɬɨɢ ɫɚɦɂɡɪɚɟɥɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɡɢɞɚ ɩɨɬɢɱɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ ɚ ɧɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɬɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɨɧɟ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ɢ  ɚɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɫɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɨ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɍ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɋɭɞ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɞɚɱɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɧɟɦɚɡɧɚɱɚʁɭɨɜɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ334 ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɧɭɠɞɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚɥɨɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɡɢɞɚ ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɨɭɩɚɞɢɦɚɛɨɦɛɚɲɚɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɰɚ ɫɚɩɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ. ɐɢɬɢɪɚʁɭʄɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭɢɡ ɫɩɨɪɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɆɚɻɚɪɫɤɟɢ ɋɥɨɜɚɱɤɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚʃɟ ɧɭɠɞɟ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɡɜɚɬɢ Äɫɚɦɨ ɩɨɞ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ³335 ȳɟɞɚɧɨɞɬɢɯɭɫɥɨɜɚɧɚɥɚɠɟɞɚɫɩɨɪɧɢɚɤɬɞɪɠɚɜɟɦɨɪɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɜɢɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɨɞ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɟ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɍ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɢɦɚɨɩɪɟɞ ɫɨɛɨɦɋɭɞɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨɭɛɢʁɟɻɟɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɚ ɡɢɞɚ ɞɭɠ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɪɭɬɟ ɛɢɥɚ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɨɞ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɤɨʁɟʁɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɡɚɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭɡɢɞɚ336 ɂɡɪɚɟɥɭ ʁɟ ɧɚɥɨɠɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɨɛɭɫɬɚɜɢ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭ ɡɢɞɚ ɞɚ ɭɤɥɨɧɢ ɜɟʄ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɟ ɞɢʁɟɥɨɜɟɞɚɧɚɤɧɚɞɢɲɬɟɬɭɤɨʁɚʁɟɧɚ ɬɚʁɧɚɱɢɧɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɚɬɟɞɚɉɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɰɢɦɚ ɜɪɚɬɢɨɞɭɡɟɬɭɢɦɨɜɢɧɭ337 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɋɭɞʁɟɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɢɨɞɚɧɟɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɭɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɭɡɢɞɚɧɢɬɢɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟɬɚɤɚɜɱɢɧɦɨɠɟɢɦɚɬɢɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɉɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɚɰɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɩɪɟɞɢʁɟʂɟʃɟ338 ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚ ɍɇ-ɚ UN Doc A/ES-  ɤɚɨ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɚɥɢ ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɩɢɫɧɢɤ ɫɚ ɫʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ Ƚɟɧɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ81'RF A/ES-10/ PV.21, 6. 334 Supra 331, para 138-141. 335 ICJ Reports ɫɬɪpara 51. 336 Id. 337 Supra 331, para 149-154. 92 ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɨɞɥɭɱɧɨ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɢɰɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚɤɪɚɬɤɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɭɜɢɞɭɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɟɦɚɜɢɻɟʃɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟ 338 Supra 331, para 154-159. 93 Ɉɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɉɢɬɚʃɟɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɍɱɥɚɧɭɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɧɚɜɨɞɢɫɟɞɚ Äɨɜɚɉɨɜɟʂɚɧɟɜɪɢʁɟɻɚɧɢɭɤɨɦɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦɚɤɨɝɚɱɥɚɧɚɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ.“ Ⱦɚɤɥɟɧɟɦɚɫɩɨɪɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɂ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɋɭɞɚ ɭ ɝɨɪɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɂɥɟɬɢɦɢɱɚɧɩɪɟɝɥɟɞɨɞɥɭɤɚɋɭɞɚɤɨʁɟ ɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɤɚɡɭʁɟɧɚɬɨɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɢ ɲɬɚ ɝɚ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɫɟ ɭɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɭ ɪɚɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɞɪɭɝɢɯɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɍɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚʁɟɡɚɭɡɟɥɚɤɨɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɞɚ ʁɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɲɬɨɫɟɦɨɠɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚɬɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɍɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭɋɭɞʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ: ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜʂɟɧɨʁɟɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦɞɚʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɩɢɬɚʃɭɛɢɥɚɠɪɬɜɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɉɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɧɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɚɪɚɜɧɨɧɟɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɢɫɬɨɝɭɫɥɨɜɚ339 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚʁɜɚɠɧɢʁɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɪɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢɞɚɛɢɫɟɚɤɬɢɜɢɪɚɥɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɚɤɨɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɤɨɪɫɢɬɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚɢɡɜɟɥɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɩɪɨɬɢɜɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɚɢɥɢ Ʉɨɫɬɚɪɢɤɟ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɭɫɥɨɜ sine qua non ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ 339 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Merits) Nicaragua vs. USA, ICJ. Rep. 1986, para 195. 94 ɉɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭʄɢɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ' ɋɭɞ ʁɟɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢɞɚʁɟɧɚʃɢɯɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɧɚɩɚɞɡɚɤɨʁɢʁɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɧɂɪɚɧɢɞɚ ɫɭɬɢɧɚɩɚɞɢɬɚɤɜɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɞɚɫɟɦɨɝɭɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɬɢɤɚɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ  ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟ340 .ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɂɪɚɧɚɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦɦʁɟɪɚɦɚɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚɩɪɟɫɭɞɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɫɬɚɜ ɢɡɪɚɠɟɧ ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨʁ ɪɚɧɢʁɨʁ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɦɚɧɢɮɟɫɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɬɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɨɝ ɡɢɞɚ  ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ³ɑɥɚɧ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ³341 Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ 342 ɩɨʁɚɦɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɫɟ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɨ ɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɫɟɩɪɟɦɚɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɞɚʁɟɬɨɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɢɚɤɨɋɭɞɧɢɧɚʁɟɞɧɨɦɦʁɟɫɬɭɧɢʁɟɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɧɚɜɟɨɞɚ ʁɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɢɬɢ ʁɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɨɲɬɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɫɬɢ. ɋɬɨɝɚ ɧɟ ɱɭɞɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɫɚ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɦ ɞɨɡɨɦ ɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ . ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɢɲɬɚɨɧɟɤɢɦɞɪɭɝɢɦɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚɡɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ Ɇɨɝɭʄɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɨɞ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨ  ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɋɭɞɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨʁɦɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦ ɭɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦ ɧɚɩɚɞ Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ 340 Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v Unite States of America), merits (2003) ICJ Reports 161, para 51. 341 Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory advisory opinion (2004) ICJ Reports 135, para 139. 342 Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of Congo v Uganda) merits (2005) www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/116/10455.pdf, paras 143, 146. 95 ɨɛɥɢɤɚɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ʁɟɩɢɬɚʃɟɨɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟɋɭɞɨɞɛɢɨɞɚɫɟɢɡʁɚɫɧɢɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ  343 D ɢɫɬɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɡɚɭɡɟɬ ʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ 344 ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ  ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɚɥɫɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɬɟɲɤɨɤɪɲɟʃɟɱɥɚɧɚ   ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɤɚɨɢ ɫɚɦɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ345 ȳɟɞɧɨɨɞɦɨɝɭʄɢɯɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɫɬɚɜɚɋɭɞɚɨɨɜɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭʁɟɫɬɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɧ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɚɧ ɋʂɟɞɟʄɟɩɢɬɚʃɟɤɨʁɟʁɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢʁɟɲɬɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ"346 ɑɥɚɧ . ɧɟ ɩɪɭɠɚ ɫɦʁɟɪɧɢɰɟ ɩɨ ɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɜɚɧɨɧɚɜɨɞɢɞɚʁɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɞɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɋɭɞʁɟɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɨɞɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɩɨʁɚɫɧɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɨɜɨɝ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɟ ɭɪɚɻɟɧɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɚ ɡɚɬɢɦ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚɨɬɨɦɟɞɚɥɢɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɟɦʁɟɪɟɦɨɝɭɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɬɢɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ, ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɨ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ  ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɢɯɦɚʃɟɬɟɲɤɢɯɨɛɥɢɤɚ 347 ɋɬɨɝɚɫɟɦɨɠɟɪɟʄɢɞɚɬɟɠɢɨɛɥɢɤɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɚɞɚɦɚʃɟɬɟɠɚɤɨɛɥɢɤɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ. Ⱦɚɤɥɟɩɪɟɦɚɨɜɨɦɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɭɩɨʁɚɦɬɟɠɢɧɟ ʁɟɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɤɨɞɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚɞɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɞɚ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟʄɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟɬɟɠɢɧɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟɫɟɞɚɋɭɞɧɢʁɟɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨɨɜɭɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɫɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɦ ʁɚɫɧɨʄɨɦ ɭ ɫɜɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ. ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚʃɚ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ,  ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ  ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ348 Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ  ɋɭɞ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɧɚ Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ 343 Nicaragua merits, para 194 344 Congo v Uganda, para 143. 345 Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons advisory opinion (1996) ICJ Reports, para 47. 346 J Allain, ‘The True Challenge to the Unite Nations System of the Use of Force: The failures of Kosovo and Iraq and Emergence of the African Union’ (2004) 8 Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, ɫɬɪ 237, 242. 347 Nicaragua merits, para 191. 348 Ibid, para 195. 96 ɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ349 ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɨɫɥɢɤɚɜɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭ  ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɟ ɩɨʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɚɤɚɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟɫɟɦɨɠɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ Äɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɭɫɚɝɥɚɲɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɞɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚʁɭɧɟɫɚɦɨɚɤɰɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚɤɨʁɟɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɩɪɟɤɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɧɟɝɨɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɥɚʃɟɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢɡɚɪɚɱɭɧɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɛɚɧɞɢɝɪɭɩɚɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɫɤɢɢɥɢ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɪɲɟ ɚɤɬɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɚ  inter alia  ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɢɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢɟʁɜɚʁɭ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɨ ɭɱɟɲʄɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɦɨɠɟɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɬɢɧɚɫɥɚʃɟɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɛɚɧɞɢɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɚɤɨɬɚɤɜɚɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɡɛɨɝɨɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɧɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɟɝɨɤɚɨɨɛɢɱɚɧɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɞɚʁɟɛɢɥɚɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚȺɥɢɋɭɞɧɟ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɧɟɫɚɦɨɞʁɟɥɚɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɛɚɧɞɢɤɚɞɚɫɟɬɚɤɜɚɞʁɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɚɝɚʃɟ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟɜɪɫɬɟɩɨɦɨʄɢ“350 ɂ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɤɨɧɮɭɡɧɨɝ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɚɤɬɟ  ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɢ ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚɥɢɬɢɚɤɬɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɍɩɪɜɭɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɚɤɚɬɚ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɩɪɟɤɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ  Ⱦɪɭɝɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɚʃɟ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ  ɢ ʃɢɦɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɢɥɢɡɚɪɚɱɭɧɞɪɠɚɜɟɁɚɨɛɟ ɨɜɟɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ 349 Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɨɞɬɚɤ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ  ɋɭɞ ɫɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɫɥɚʃɚɨɧɚɱɥɚɧ ɝ  350 Nicaragua merits, para ɐɢɬɢɪɚɧɢ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɨɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɢɡ µɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ¶ ɤɨʁɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɢɞɢɨɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ 97 ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɂɩɚɤ ʁɟɤɨɞɞɪɭɝɟɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟɋɭɞɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭɞɚɫɟɧɟɫɜɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɭʁɭɤɚɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɟɝɨ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɫɜɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ  ɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɜɢɲɟ ɨɞ ɨɛɢɱɧɢɯ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɨɦ ɫɚɦɨ ɝɨɪɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɧɢɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ  ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭɢɦɚɬɢɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭɬɟɠɢɧɭɍɩɪɢɥɨɝɨɜɚɤɜɨɝɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚɝɨɜɨɪɟɞɜɚɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɉɪɜɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɢ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɬɨɞɚɫɟɩɨʁɚɦ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ  ɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɭɢɥɢ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬ ɢɥɢɩɪɢɪɨɞɭ ɬɚɤɜɢɯɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ351 Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɩɨʁɚɦɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɜɢɻɟʃɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ Ʉɪɢɫɬɢɧ Ƚɪɟʁ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɫɭɞɫɤɟɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɞɚɫɟɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɤɨʁɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ  ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɭ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ 352 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɩɨɤɥɚɩɚɫɚɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦɬɟɡɨɦɨɜɟɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɤɨɞɫɜɢɯɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɨɤɨ ʃɟɝɨɜɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ Ɋɭɬ ȼɟʇɜɭɞ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɉɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɧɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨɫɬɚɜɞɚɫɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɧɚɩɚɞɚɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɩɨɞɪɚɡɦɢʁɟɜɚper se.353 ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɋɭɞ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɬɟɠɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɟ  ɢɥɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɟ  ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɧɚɝɟɂɩɚɤɤɚɞɚɫɟɢɦɚɫɚɦɨɭɜɢɞɭɬɟɤɫɬɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ,' ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨʁɟɞɚ ʁɟɋɭɞɛɢɨɞɚɥɟɤɨɨɞɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɞɚɥɢɫɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɬɟɲɤɨʁ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ  ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɟ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ Ɉɜɢɦ ɫɟ 351 ɂɩɨɪɟɞɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɞɚɫɟɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɞɟɫɢɨɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɢɧɟɭɬɢɱɟɧɚʃɟɝɨɜɭɬɟɠɢɧɭȼɢɞɢ Y Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-defenceɫɬɪ 352 C Gray, International Law and the Use of Forceɫɬɪ-84. 353 R Wedgwood, ‘The ICJ Advisory Opinion on the Israeli Security Fence and the Limits of Self-Defence,’ 2005, 99 American Journal of International Law, ɫɬɪ 98 ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɭ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʃɭ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɋɭɞɚ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɭɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭ. ɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɭɤɚɡɚɨɧɚɬɨɞɚ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ  ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ  ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟɋɭɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɢɥɢɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɢɞɪɭɝɨ ɂɩɚɤɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɭɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɧɨɜɱɚɧɢɯɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ354 ɇɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɝ ɪɟɡɨɧɨɜɚʃɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɟɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚ ɡɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɨɞ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɚɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɥɢɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɟɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɟɜɪɫɬɟɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢɬɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɢɬɢɱɢɧɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɢɚɤɨɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɨɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟȾɚɤɥɟɋɭɞʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ  ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɫɭɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɬɚɤɨ ɢ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟɜɟʄɢɧɚɡɚɭɡɟɥɚɫɬɚɜɞɚɨɜɨɧɟɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɑɢɧɢɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɫɬɚɜ ɧH ɦʁɟʃɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɛɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ 355 Ɇɨɝɭʄɟ ʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɩɨ ɫɚɦɨʁ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɭ ɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɨɜɨɛɢɬɚɤɨɻɟɡɧɚɱɢɥɨɞɚɱɚɤɢɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɧɚɩɨɞɪɲɤɚɧɚʁɲɢɪɟɝɨɛɢɦɚɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɬɟɲɤɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ⱥɤɨ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɨ ɡɚ ɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤ ɩɨ ɫɬɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɤɨɞ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɚɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɤɟɢɥɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɢɥɢɩɨɞɪɲɤɟɭɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɜɚʃɭɢɧɟɞɨɭɦɢɰɟ ɤɨɞ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɢ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɢ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɚɧɟɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɢɩɨɞɤɨʁɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɫɩɚɞɚ 356 ɇɚɤɨɧɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɨɫɬɚɥɨʁɟɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɩɢɬɚʃɟɝɞʁɟɫɟɧɚɥɚɡɢɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɯɨɛɥɢɤɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ 354 Nicaragua merits, para  ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮ  ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɋɭɞ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨ ɮɢɧɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɟɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɨɡɚɛɪɚɧɢɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɢɰʁɟ 355 WM Reisman, ‘Allocating Competences to USe Coercion in the Post-Cold War World: Practices, Conditions and Prospects’ in LF Damrosch and DJ Scheffer (eds), Law and Force in the New International Order, %RXOGHU:HVWYLHZ3UHVVɫɬɪ 356 R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It, Oxford, Oxford Univeristy 3UHVVɫɬɪ 99 ɫɢɥɟ  ɢ ɦɚʃɟ ɬɟɲɤɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ  Ɉɜɨ ɢɫɬɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɪɢʁɟɲɟɧɨɢɧɚɤɨɧɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɍ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɜɚ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɚ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɤɭɜɚʁɬɫɤɢɬɚɧɤɟɪSea Isle City ɤɨʁɢʁɟɩɥɨɜɢɨ ɩɨɞɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɦɡɚɫɬɚɜɨɦɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɢɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝɪɚɬɧɨɝɛɪɨɞɚUSS Sameul B Roberts, ɚɩɪɢɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɨɜɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɋɭɞɫɟɞɪɠɚɨɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɫɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɢɞɟɮɢɧɢɲɭɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɨɛɥɢɰɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɚɞɚɡɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɛɥɚɠɢɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɬɚɤɜɟɧɚɩɚɞɟ357 ɉɢɬɚʃɟɞɚɥɢɫɟɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɥɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ ɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɨɞɤʂɭɱɧɨɝɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɡɚɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ ʁɟɪʁɟɋɭɞɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɧɢɬɢʁɟɞɚɧɨɞʃɢɯ ɧɟɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧ ɂɪɚɧɭ358 ɍɡɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɟɋɭɞ ʁɟɢɡɧɢɨɢɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɤɟ ɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɉɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɨɦ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɞ Sea Isle City ɚɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɭɜɢɞɭɢɞɪɭɝɟɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɢɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɟɬɟɠɢɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɫɚɦɛɪɨɞɋɭɞʁɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚ ɫɟɧɟɱɢɧɢɞɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ 359 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɚ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢɂɪɚɧɭɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɛɪɨɞSea Isle City ɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɱɢɧɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨɫɚɦɨɫɬɚɥɧɨɛɢɥɨɤɚɨɞɢɨɲɢɪɟɝɫɩɟɤɬɪɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɉɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɤɨʁɢɫɟɢɡɨɜɨɝɦɨɠɟɢɡɜɟɫɬɢɧɚɥɚɠɟɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɚʁɟɞɚɧɛɪɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɬɟɠɚɤɨɛɥɢɤɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɞɚɛɢɩɪɟɲɚɨ ɩɪɚɝɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɢɞɚɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɈɜɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɦɨɝɭʄɟʁɟɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɢɡɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɢɦɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɩɨʁɟɞɧɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɢɦɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɦɚʃɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɨɛɢɱɧɨɦɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɦɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɭ  ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɛɪɨɞUSS Sameul B Roberts,  ɚɩɪɢɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɋɭɞ ɧɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɝ ɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɚ 357 Oil Platforms merits, para 51 358 Ibid, paras 61, 72 359 Ibid, para 64 100 ɨɦɨɝɭʄɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ 360 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɋɭɞ ɧɚ ɨɜɨɦɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɬɜɪɞɢɞɚ, ɢɚɤɨɚɤɬɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɚɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɚɨɛɢɬɢɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɂɪɚɧɭɫɚɞɨɡɨɦ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬɢɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɨɤɨɛɪɨɞɚUSS Sameul B Roberts ɢɥɢɭɧɚʁɦɚʃɭ ɪɭɤɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɢɧɞɢɞɟɧɬ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ  ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɱɢɧ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɇɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɦɨɝɥɚɛɢɫɟɢɡɧɢʁɟɬɢɬɜɪɞʃɚɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢ ɛɪɨɞɦɨɠɟɭɩɪɚɤɫɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɱɢɧɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɨɡɛɢʂɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚɢ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɞɚɛɢɫɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɨɤɚɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɈɜɚɤɚɜɫɬɚɜɞɨɧɟɤɥɟɫɟɤɨɫɢ ɫɚɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɬɟɠɢɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ʁɟɪɫɟɦɨɠɟɢɫɬɚʄɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɞɛɚ ɞɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɥɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɨɛɥɢɤɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɇɚɞɚʂɟɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɚɛɢɬɚɤɚɜɫɬɚɜɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɨɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɭɋɭɞɚ ɨ ɩɪɚɜɭɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɡɜɚɧɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɨɝɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  Ʉɚɨɲɬɨ ʁɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɛɢɨɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɞɚɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɨɤɨɛɪɨɞɚSea ,VOH &LWɭ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɱɢɧ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ, ɱɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɢɰɚʁɭ ɫɚ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢɦɚ ɋɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɜɟɨɦɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚɨɤɨɛɪɨɞɚ Sea Isle City ɢ ɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɚɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɝɜɨʁɧɨɝ ɩɥɨɜɧɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ  ɂ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɚɧ ɛɪɨɞɂɩɚɤɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟɢɡɦɟɻɭɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɨɛɪɨɞɚ6HD ,VOH&LWɭɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɨ ɛɪɨɞɚUSS Sameul B Roberts. ɋɭɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɞ ɨɜɢɯɮɚɤɬɢɱɤɢɯɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɪɚɡɞɜɚʁɚʁɭɞɜɚɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚɫɚɩɪɚɜɧɨɝɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɢɫɚɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɡɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɉɪɢʁɟ ɫɜɟɝɚ ɛɪɨɞ 6HD ,VOH &LWɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ Ʉɭɜɚʁɬɚɢɚɤɨ ʁɟɧɨɫɢɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɁɚɪɚɡɢɥɤɭɨɞ ɬɨɝɚɛɪɨɞUSS Sameul B Roberts ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟ ɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɟ Ⱥɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɨ ɞɜɚ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɢ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɢɯ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɢɯɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ' ȼɟʄ ʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ  ɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɭ ɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ 360 Ibid, para 72 101 ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɦɚʃɟ ɬɟɠɚɤ ɨɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɛɪɨɞ ʁɟɪ ɨɛɚ ɱɢɧɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɛɪɨɞ ɉɨʁɚɦ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ,' ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɢɦɚ ɞɜɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ Ɇɨɝɥɨɛɢɫɟɪɟʄɢɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɚʁɟɞɚɧɪɚɬɧɢɛɪɨɞɢɚɤɨɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɱɢɧɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɜɟʄɟɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɨɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɲɬɟɬɧɢʁɟɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɇɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɟɰɢʂɟɜɟɭɨɩɲɬɟɛɢɦɨɝɚɨɛɢɬɢɩɪɟɫɭɞɚɧɡɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɚ ʁɟɠɪɬɜɚɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɧɚɤɨʁɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢɛɪɨɞɢɥɢɱɚɤɧɚɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɟɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɢɤɚɞɧɟɛɢɦɨɝɚɨɛɢɬɢɌɪɟɛɚɩɨɞɜɭʄɢɞɚɫɟɋɭɞɧɟɩɨɡɢɜɚɧɚɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɤɚɨɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɚɧɤɨɞɪɢʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚɩɢɬɚʃɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɩɨɧɭɻɟɧɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɦɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɤɨʁɭɋɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɡɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɚʁɟɞɚɧɜɨʁɧɢɛɪɨɞɫɟɦɨɠɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢɞɚɢɦɚɬɟɠɟɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟɧɟɝɨɧɚɩɚɞɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ Ɉɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɟɋɭɞɚɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɭɫɥɨɜɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɞɚɥɟɤɨɨɞʁɚɫɧɨɝ ɢɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨɝ Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɨɤɨ ɛɪɨɞɚ6HD ,VOH &LWɭ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɢʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɚɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɱɢɧɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɱɚɤɢɞɚɫɟɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢɂɪɚɧɭ  ɢ ɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɚ ɛɪɨɞɚUSS Sameul B Roberts ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɱɢɧ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɦɟɬɟ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɤɨɞ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɱɢɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ  ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɞɟɲɚɜɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɉɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɋɭɞ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɚ6HD,VOH&LWɭ ɢUSS Sameul B Roberts. ɇɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɛɪɨɞ 6HD,VOH&LWɭʁɟɛɢɨɭɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭɄɭɜɚʁɬɚɢɚɤɨʁɟɧɨɫɢɨɡɚɫɬɚɜɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɫɚ ɛɪɨɞɨɦ USS Sameul B Roberts. Ɍɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɋɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɞ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɜɨʁɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ  ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ 102 ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɫɜɟɞɨɤɛɪɨɞɭɩɢɬɚʃɭɧɨɫɢɡɚɫɬɚɜɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɚʁɟɦɟɬɚɧɚɩɚɞɚ361 ɇɚɨɜɚɤɚɜɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɢɋɭɞɤɚɞɚɤɚɠɟ Texaco Caribbean ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɭ ɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɛɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɭɱɢʁɟɦɜɥɚɫɧɢɲɬɜɭɫɟɧɚɥɚɡɢɧɢʁɟɩɥɨɜɢɨɩɨɞ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɦ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɨɦ ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɫɚɦ ɛɪɨɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɫɚɧɚɩɚɞɨɦɧɚɬɭɞɪɠɚɜɭ362 Ʉɚɤɨʁɟɨɜɚɢɡʁɚɜɚɫɚɱɢʃɟɧɚɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɞɚɥɢɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟɛɢɥɟɠɪɬɜɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɦɨɠɟɫɟɩɪɨɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ  ɧɟɝɨ ɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɚɤɨʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɢɛɪɨɞɩɥɨɜɢɨɩɨɞɡɚɫɬɚɜɨɦɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ  ɂɩɚɤɧɢ ɨɜɚɤɚɜɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɧɢʁɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɢɡɜʁɟɫɬɚɧ Ɇɨɠɞɚ ʁɟɧɚʁɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɨɧɨɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɪɚɡɥɢɤɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɜɨʁɧɢɯɛɪɨɞɨɜɚɢɰɢɜɢɥɧɢɯɛɪɨɞɨɜɚ, ɚɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟɲɬɨ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɛɪɨɞɩɪɟɥɚɡɢ ɩɪɚɝ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ  ɡɛɨɝ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɢɯ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ  ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ >ɧ@ɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɟ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɩɥɨɜɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɱɤɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɩɥɨɜɧɟ ɮɥɨɬɟ  ɫɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɚɤɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ363 ɞɨɤɞɪɭɝɢɨɛɥɢɰɢɧɟ-ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɢɫɭɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɂɦɚʁɭʄɢɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɨɫɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɭ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɋɉ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɚɦɨɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɜɨʁɧɟ ɦɟɬɟɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɱɢɧɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ364 Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɢɦ ɞʁɟɥɨɦ ɩɪɚɤɫɟɆɋɉ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɧɢ ɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɦɢʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɛɟɡɪɟɡɟɪɜɧɨɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ 361 N Ochoa-Ruiz and E Salamanca-Aguado, ‘Exploring the Limits of International Law Relating to the Use of Force in Self-Defence’ (2005) 16 European Journal of International Law ɫɬɪ. 362 Oil platforms case, SDUDɆɢɧɢɪɚʃɟɛɪɨɞɚTexaco Caribbean  ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚɛɢɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧɨɞ ɫɟɪɢʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɚɡɚʁɟɞɧɨɫɚɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɨɦɨɤɨɛɪɨɞɚSea Isle City, ɡɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ ɞɚɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚɚɤɰɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟȼɢɞɢɩɪɟɥɢɦɢɧɚɪɧɟɩɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ µɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ¶  www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/90/8624.pdf, annex, para A1.15 363 ȾɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɭɩɪɢɥɨɝɭɊɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɱɥɚɧ ɞ 364 ɂ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɞɚ ɫɩɢɫɚɤ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɛɪɨʁɚɧɟ ɭ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭɩɨɞɧɚɡɢɜɨɦȾɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɚɤɨʁɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɞʁɟɥɨɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɢʁɟɤɨɧɚɱɚɧȼɢɞɢ ɱɥɚɧ 103 ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɫɟ ɩɪɚɝɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɋɭɞɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨɤɨɞ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɫɟɦʁɟɪɢɞɚɥɢɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɢɥɢɧɟ. ɍɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɪɚɝ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ  ɡɚɜɢɫɢ ɨɞ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɧɭɞɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɩɢɬɚʃɟɡɚɲɬɨɋɭɞɧɢʁɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɨ ɩɪɚɝɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɂɡ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɋɭɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɚɜ ɤɪɭɬɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɩɪɚɝɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɜɟɨɦɚɬɟɲɤɨɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟɭɩɪɚɤɫɢ365 Ȼɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚɫɬɚɜɨɬɨɦɟɞɚɥɢʁɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɚɧɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦʁɟʃɢɜ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɫɬɚɨ ɧɟɞɨɪɟɱɟɧ ɤɨɞ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧ ɫɬɟɩɟɧ ɬɟɠɢɧɟɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɬɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɨɦɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɜɚɤɢɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨɢɫɩɨɞɧɢɜɨɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɉɨɜɪɲɧɢɦɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɦ ɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɚʁɟ ɋɭɞɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨɬɟɨɪɢʁɭɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɨʁɛɪɨʁɦɚʃɢɯɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɥɚɤɲɢ ɨɞ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ366 ɋɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɋɭɞɚ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭ ʁɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɨɜɚɧɨ ɭ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭ  ɩɪɟɫɭɞɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɉɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɬɜɪɞʃɢɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɞ 6HD ,VOH &LWɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɜɨɝɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɩɢɬɚʃɟɤɨʁɟɬɪɟɛɚɪɢʁɟɲɢɬɢ ɝɥɚɫɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɤɨɦɛɢɧɚɰɢʁɢ ɫɚ Äɫɟɪɢʁɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚ³ɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɧ ɤɚɨÄɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ³ɧɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ 367 ɍɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭɧɚɬɨɩɢɬɚʃɟɋɭɞʁɟɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɝɥɟɞɚɧɨɧɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɨɜɢ 365 TD Gill, ‘The Law of Armed Attack in the Context of Nicaragua Case’ (1988) 1 Hague Yearbook of International Law, ɫɬɪ. 366 ȼɢɲɟɨɬɟɨɪɢʁɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ  ɜɢɞɢɭ10)HGHU 5HDGLQJ WKH81&KDUWHU&RQQRWDWLYHO\ Towards a New Definition of Armed Attack,’ 1987, 19 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics  ɫɬɪ-418; DW Bowett, ‘Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force’ 1972, 66 American Journal of International Law 1, ɫɬɪ5-(ULFNVRQLegitimate Use of Military Force Against State Sponsored International Terrorism, Maxwell Air ForFH%DVH$LU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɫɬɪ- 44; TJ Farer, ‘Law and War’ in CE Black and RA (eds), The Future of International Order (Vol III: Conflict Management), 3ULQFHWRQ3ULQFHWRQ8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɫɬɪ-67. 367 Oil platforms case, para 64. 104 ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ 368 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɠɪɬɜɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɭɤɰɟɫɢɜɧɢɦ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɦɩɪɟɦɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɦɚɨɜɨɝɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨʁɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɞɚʁɟɨɜɨ ɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭɦɨɝɭʄɟ Ɉɜɚɬɟɨɪɢʁɚʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚɢɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ,' ɝɞʁɟʁɟɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɞɚʁɟɡɛɨɝɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɲɤɨɡɚɋɭɞɞɚɭɬɜɪɞɢɞɚɥɢɫɟɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɭɩɚɞɢɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɚ ɢ Ʉɨɫɬɚɪɢɤɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɤɨɥɟɬɢɜɧɨ ɱɢɧ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ 369 ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɨɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɫɬɚɜɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚɦɚʃɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɇɚɢɦɟɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɛɪɨʁɚɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɯɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɢɯɋɧɚɝɚ ADF Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟʁɟɨɞɥɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɧɢɦɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɦɚɱɚɤɢɞɚɫɟɨɜɚɫɟɪɢʁɚɭɠɚɫɚɜɚʁɭʄɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɢɦɚ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɚɧ ɟɮɟɤɚɬ ɨɧɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢȾɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɨʁɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɄɨɧɝɨ 370 ɇɚɞɚʂɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧɩɪɨɬɢɜɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ ɄɚɦɟɪɭɧʁɟɨɞɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɬɪɚɠɢɨ ɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɞɚ ʁɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɛɪɨʁɦɚʃɢɯɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɢɯ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɱɢɧ ɤɨʁɢ ɱɢɧɢ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɦ371 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɥɚ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢ ɞɟɫɢɥɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɟɫɢɥɢ ɬɟ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɨ ɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ372 ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧɋɭɞɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭɧɢʁɟɨɞɛɚɰɢɨɢɞɟʁɭɞɚɛɪɨʁɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɚʃɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧ ɤɚɨ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ Ɉɜɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɟ ɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɤɨɞ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ Ɇɚɞɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɨɜɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ.' Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɧɚɮɬɧɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɢɥɢ Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɋɭɞɧɢʁɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨɨɜɭɬɟɨɪɢʁɭɭ 368 Ibid. 369 Nicaragua merits, para 231. 370 Congo vs Uganda merits, para 146. 371 Cameroon v Nigeria replique de la Republique du Cameroun, 2000, Part III, para 11. ɫɬɪ168, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/94/8603.pdf, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 372 Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v Nigeria: Equatorial Guinea intervening) merits 2002, ICJ Reports 9, paras 323-24. 105 ɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɭɩɪɟɫɭɞɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɨ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟɂɫɬɨ ɬɚɤɨ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɨ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ373 ɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɩɨɞɧɟɫɰɢɦɚ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɨɝɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɰʁɟɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɚɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɞɨɧɢʁɟɬɢɩɪɨɰʁɟʃɭʁɭʄɢɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɟɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ374 ɍɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨɭɡɟɬɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɋɭɞɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɧɢɬɢɧɟɝɢɪɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭɨɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɭɬɟɨɪɢʁɟɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɋɭɞɢʁɟɇɚɝɟɧɞɪɚɋɢɧ375 ɢ ȹɟɧɢɧɝɫ376 ɧɚɱɟɥɧɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɚɤ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ ɢ ɤɨɞ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ  ɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɟ ɒɜɟɛɟɥ ʁɟ ɢɡɪɚɡɢɨ ɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɡɟɜɲɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪ 377 Ɂɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɨɞɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɫɭɞɢʁɚɋɢɦɚʁɟɨɞɛɚɰɢɨɨɜɚɤɜɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɭ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɚɬɢɜɧɢɫɤɨɤ ɨɞɢɪɢɬɢɪɚʁɭʄɢɯɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɟɧɟɩɪɟɥɚɡɟɩɪɚɝ ɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɢɧɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɜɞɟɬɪɚɠɢ 378 Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɨ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɋɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɤɨɞ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɤɚɨ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɭ ɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ  Ɍɨ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɉɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɫɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɚʃɢɯ  ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ" 379 Ɉɜɚʁɩɪɨɛɥɟɦʁɟɭɫɭɲɬɢɧɢɢɫɬɢɤɚɨɢɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɝɚɬɟɠɢɧɟ  ɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɨɞɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɨʁɟɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɋɭɞ 373 Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ ɜɢɞɢCameroon v Nigeria counter-memorial submitted by Nigeria, 1999, www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/ 94/5029.pdf, para 41 ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ. 374 Cameroon v Nigeria merits 375 Nicaragua merist, separate opinion of President Nagendra Singh, para 154. 376 Ibid, dissenting opinion of Judge Jennings, para 543. 377 Ibid, dissenting opinion of Judge Schwebel, para 6. 378 Oil platforms merits, separate opinion of Judge Simma, para14. 379 A Alursen, ‘The Judgment by the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms Case’ 2004, 73, Nordic Journal of International Law ɫɬɪ 106 ɇɟʁɚɫɧɨʄɟ ɨɤɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ  ɞɨɫɟɠɟ ɧɢɜɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɢɧɚɤɨʁɢɧɚɱɢɧʁɟɬɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɢɡɪɚɱɭɧɚɬɢ ɛɢɥɟɛɢɪɢʁɟɲɟɧɟɤɚɞɚɛɢɩɨʁɚɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧɢ ɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɞɜɪɝɧɭɬɢ ɬɟɫɬɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɫɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚɦɟʁɪɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ380 Ⱥɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɟɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɟɫɭɫɭɨɱɟɧɟɫɚɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɢɦɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɧɟ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɫɬɢɯɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɇɚʁɜɟʄɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɢ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɚ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɛɪɨʁɟɦ ɦɚʃɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɨ ɫɜɨɦ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɞɟʁɫɬɜɭ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɢɯ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ Ƚɥɟɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɨɞ ɬɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɚɥɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɱɢɧɟ ɞɢɨ ɨɛɪɚɫɰɚ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɭɡɟɜɲɢ ɢɦɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ381 ɉɨɞɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɦɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ʁɚɫɧɨɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɟɫɭɫɭɨɱɟɧɟɫɚɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɢɦɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɨɜɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɛɢɥɟɛɢɨɜɥɚɲɬɟɧɟ ɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟɫɢɥɨɦɩɨɞɭɫɥɨɜɨɦɞɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɬɢɜɧɢɟɮɟɤɚɬɧɚɩɚɞɚɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɚ ɨɛɢɦ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧɲɬɟɬɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɩɪɟɬɪɩʂɟɧɚɭɧɚɩɚɞɭ 380 T Gazziani, The Changing Rules on the Use of Force in International Law, Manchester, Manchester 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɫɬɪ143-144, 192. 381 CS Gray, ‘Combating Terrorism’ 1993, 23 Parametrs: US Army War College Quarterly ɫɬɪ 107 ɇɭɠɧɨɫɬɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɉɨɞɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɦɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɞɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɩɨʁɦɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɫɟɞɚɚɤɰɢʁɚɧɚɤɨʁɭɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɬɚɤɜɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɩɨ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪɟɦ ɧɟɤɢ ʃɟɧ ɜɢɬɚɥɧɢ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫ382 Ɍɨɡɧɚɱɢɞɚɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɤɨʁɢɢɦɚʁɭɬɟɲɤɟɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟɡɚʁɟɞɧɭɞɪɠɚɜɭɧɢʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨɫɢɦ ɚɤɨ ɨɧɢ ɧɟ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʁɭɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɍɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɭɤɥɟɪɚɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚ Ɇɋɉʁɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚ ɋɭɞɧɟɦɨɠɟɢɡɝɭɛɢɬɢɢɡɜɢɞɚɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɫɜɚɤɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤɢ ɫɚɦɢɦɬɢɦɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɚɞɚʁɟʃɟɧɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤɭɩɢɬɚʃɭ 383 Ⱦɚɤɥɟɦɨɠɟɦɨɪɟʄɢɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɭɫɜɨʁɢɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦʁɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɧɭɠɚɧɫɚɦɨɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɤɚɞɚʁɟɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɫɚɦɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤɞɪɠɚɜɟ384 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɚʁɟɨɜɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɨɫɚɦɨɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɨ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɦ ɨɪɭɠʁɭ  ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ385 ɇɚɤɨɧ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɢ ɧɚɮɬɧɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɧɟɦɚɞɨɤɚɡɚɨɬɨɦɟɞɚ ʁɟɋɭɞɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚ ʁɟɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɧɚɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɟɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɟɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚɑɚɤɛɢɫɟɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢɞɚʁɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚɛɢɨɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɭɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɚɋɭɞʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɟɧɭɠɧɟ386 Ɍɚɱɧɨʁɟɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɨɧɟɤɚɞɬɜɪɞɟɞɚɫɭɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɞɚɛɢɫɟɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɢɜɢɬɚɥɧɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɢɥɢɧɟɲɬɨɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɬɚɤɜɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɫɚ ɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫɨɦɝɨɞɢɧɟ387 Ɍɪɟɛɚɬɚɤɨɻɟɧɚɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢɞɚɬɨɧɢɫɭʁɟɞɢɧɟɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɤɨʁɢɦɚɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɢɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɚɤɰɢʁɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɍɩɪɚɤɫɢɞɚɛɢɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ 382 G Schwarzenberger, ‘The Fundamental Principles of International Law’ 1955, 87 Recueil Des Cours 9, ɫɬp. 97. 383 Nuclear weapons advisory opinion, para 96 384 Dinstein, War Aggression and Self-Defence.,ɫɬp. 175 385 ɍ ɧɚɤɞɚɞɧɨɦ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɝ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɬɢɜɧɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɛɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɢɥɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚɭ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢɦɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɤɚɞɚʁɟɫɚɦɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɭɩɢɬɚʃɟ  Nuclear weapons advisory opinion, para ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɎɟɥɲɯɚɭɟɪpara 5. 386 Nicaragua merits, SDUɚ 387 UN Doc S/9330 108 ɛɢɨ ɧɭɠɚɧ ɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɧɟ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɫɟ ɧɢɲɬɚ ɬɚɤɨ ɩɨɝɭɛɧɨ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ Ɋɟɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɧɢʁɚɨɧɚɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɥɚɡɢɟɝɡɢɫɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɟɤɪɢɡɟɛɨɪɛɟɧɚɠɢɜɨɬ ɢɥɢɫɦɪɬɢɨɞɧɨɫɢɫɟɧɚɱɢɬɚɜɫɩɟɤɬɚɪɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɢɯɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʁɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɩɚɞɚ388 Ⱦɨɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɢ ɪɚɬ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ʁɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ389 Ȼɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚɬɨɬɟɲɤɨɫɟɦɨɠɟɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɨɤɭɩɚɰɢʁɚ Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɯ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɭȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ  ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬ  ɢɥɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɪɟɚɝɭʁ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɧɢ.' Ɇɨɠɟɦɨ ɢɩɚɤ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ 390 ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɠɟɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɫɢɥɭɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɧɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɞɪɭɝɚɨɩɰɢʁɚɤɨʁɚɛɢʁɨʁɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɥɚɞɚɫɟɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ɍɟɨɪɢʁɚɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɨʁ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɢ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ȳɟɞɚɧ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɢɡ ɪɚɧɟ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɫɟɧɚɫɬɚɜɜɥɚɞɟɌɭɧɢɫɚɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚɞɚɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɚɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟɬɪɭɩɟɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɝɨɞɢɧɟɭɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɭɩɨɡɧɚɬɨɦɩɨɞɧɚɡɢɜɨɦÄȻɢɡɟɪɬɚɮɟɪɚ³ ɉɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɚɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚɚɤɰɢʁɟɌɭɧɢɫ ʁɟɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɱɢɧɢɨɫɜɟɲɬɨʁɟɭɦɨʄɢɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɚɢɡɛʁɟɝɧɟɩɨɝɨɪɲɚʃɟɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ 391 ɢɞɚʁɟɤɚɨ ɡɧɚɤɞɨɛɪɟɜɨʂɟɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢɨɬɪɢɧɚɟɫɬɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯɡɚɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɤɚɧɚɤɨɧɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɚ 388 Dinstein, War, Aggresion and Self-Defence, ɫɬp. 175. 389 ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚʁɟɚɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɚɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟɦɢɪɚ 6& Res 502, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɤɨʁɟʁɟɝɥɚɫɚɥɚɫɚɦɨɉɚɧɚɦɚ Ɉɜɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚʁɟɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ6& Res  ɈɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɦɫɬɚɜɭɬɪɟʄɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɚɤɰɢʁɚȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟɭɎɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɦ ɪɚɬɭɜɢɞɢ0-/HYLWLQ 7KH/DZRI)RUFHDQGWKH)RUFHRI/DZ*UHQDGDWKH)DONODQGVDQG+XPDQLWDULDQ Intervention' 1986, 27 Harvard International Law Journal 621, ɫɬp. 638. 390 J Quigley, ‘The Afghanistan War and Self-Defence’ 2002-03, 37 Valparaiso University Law Review 541, ɫɬp. 546; R Ago, Addendum to the Eight Report on Stste Responsibility, UN Doc A/CN.4/318, Add 5- 7, Yearbook of the International Law Commission 1980, I.1, ɫɬp. 65-66; RY Jennings ɢ A Watts (eds) Oppenheim’s International Law, Vol I, 9th edn, Harlow, Longman, 1992, ɫɬpɤɚɨɢɢɡʁɚɜɚɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɬɭɠɢɨɰɚȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟɩɪɟɞȾɨɦɨɦɥɨɪɞɨɜɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ Hansard HL vol DCLX col 370 (21.04.2004.) 391 UN Doc S/PV.819, ɫɬp.6. 109 ɦʁɟɫɬɚɋɚɤɢɬ-ɋɢɞɢ-ȳɭɫɟɮɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ392 ɇɚɞɚʂɟɌɭɧɢɫʁɟɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨɞɚʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɨɤɨ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɭɩɚ ɬɨɤɨɦɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɞɭɠɟɝ ɨɞ ɞɜɢʁɟɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨʁɟɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɨɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ393 ɋɜɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨʁɚɫɧɨɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ Ɍɭɧɢɫɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ  ɛɚɪɟɦ ɢɡ ɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ394 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɒɟɫɬɨɞɧɟɜɧɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɩɪɟɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɫɟɭɩɪɤɨɫɩɨʁɚɱɚɧɢɦɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɦɚɫɚɤɨʁɢɦɚ ʁɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚʁɟɛɢɨɫɭɨɱɟɧɢɭɩɪɤɨɫ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɢɦɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟɢɡɜɚʃɫɤɢɯɢɡɜɨɪɚɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɨɞɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɫɢɥɨɦɭɧɚɞɢɩɪɨɧɚɥɚɫɤɚɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɚ395 ɂɡɪɚɟɥʁɟɢɫɬɚɤɚɨɞɚʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɬɟɤɭɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɤɚɞɚʁɟɤɪɢɡɚɞɨɫɟɝɥɚɫɬɟɩɟɧɤɚɞɚɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟ396 Ⱥɤɨɫɟɜɪɚɬɢɦɨ ɡɚɬɪɟɧɭɬɚɤɧɚɎɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɢɪɚɬɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɭɨɱɚɜɚɦɨɞɚ ʁɟ ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ʃɟɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɚɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɫɤɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɭɠɧɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɨɜɚɥɚ ɜɨʂɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɚɫɚɨɫɬɪɜɚ >ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɚɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɟ ɡɨɧɟ@ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɚ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟɞɚɢɫɩɭɧɢɨɛɚɜɟɡɭɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɭɫɬɚɜɨɦɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ397 ɇɚɬɚʁɧɚɱɢɧȼɟɥɢɤɚȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚʁɟɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɥɚɞɚʁɟʃɟɧɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɤɚɨɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ398 ɇɚɤɨɧ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɭ Ɂɚɦɛɢʁɢ Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟɭ ɢ Ȼɨɰɜɚɧɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɫɭɻɢɜɚɧɚ ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ 392 Ibid 393 Ibid, ɫɬp. 11. 394 ɂɚɤɨɬɪɟɛɚɢɫɬɚʄɢɞɚɧɢʁɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɞɚɥɢʁɟɌɭɧɢɫɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚʁɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɧɞɚɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɧɚɬɚʁɧɚɱɢɧ 395 UN Doc S/PV.1348, ɫɬp. 71-75. 396 Ɍɪɟɛɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚɫɭɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɟɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚɫɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟʄ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɬɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɩɨɞɜɭɤɥɟ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɚɨɬɚɤɜɨɝȾɚʂɟɧɢʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨɞɚɥɢɫɭɤɪɢɬɢɤɟɭɩɭʄɟɧɟɡɛɨɝɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɢɜɚʃɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɧɟɧɚɫɢɥɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ  ɢɥɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ  ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɫɚɦɨ ɞɨɤɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɚɤɰɢʁɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɭɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪɫɬɚɜɋɨɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɋɚɜɟɡɚ UN Doc S/PV.1348, ɫɬp. 22-25) ɢɂɪɚɤɚ 81'RF639ɫɬp. 51). 397 UN Doc S/ 15025. 398 Ɋɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɪɟʄɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ ɫɚɦɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ȼɢɞɢ 0- /HYLWLQ 7KH /DZ RI )RUFH DQG WKH )RUFH RI /DZ *UHQDGD WKH Falklands, and Humanitarian Intervention' 1986, 27 Harvard International Law Journal 621, ɫɬp. 638. 110 ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɚɞɢ ɨ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɫɟ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɩɨɞ ɨɤɪɢʂɟɦ Ʉɨɦɨɧɜɟɥɬ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɧɢ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ Ⱥɮɪɢɱɤɨɝ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ Ʉɨɧɝɪɟɫɚ Ⱥɇɐ  ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɥɢɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ 399 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦɟ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɚɤɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɚɱɟɤɚɥɚɡɚɜɪɲɟɬɚɤɩɪɨɰɟɫɚɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɧɟɝɨʁɟɢɫɬɨɬɚɤɨɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɚɩɨɝɭɛɚɧɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɲɚɧɫɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɢʁɟɲɢɥɢ ɦɧɨɝɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɢɬɟɪɟɝɢʁɟɭɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɂɡɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɩɭɬɚ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɚɜɚɥɚ Ɂɚɛɦɢʁɭ Ɂɢɦɛɚɛɜɟ ɢ Ȼɨɰɜɚɧɭ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɢ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɧɚɫɬɚɜɟ ɭɩɚɞɢ Ⱥɇɐ-ɚ400 D ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɭɞɢɥɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɢɯ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ' ɬʁ ɬɢʁɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚɥɨ ɨ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɭ ɩɪɟɤɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɩɚɞɚ Ⱥɇɐ-ɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ401 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɢɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɚɭɩɪɚɤɫɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɞɨɤɚɡɞɚɫɭɧɚɩɚɞɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɤɚɨµɤɪɚʁʃɟɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɫɚɝɥɚɫɧɨɫɬɞɚʁɟɬɨɛɢɨɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ƚɨɪɟɨɩɢɫɚɧɚɩɪɚɤɫɚɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɬɨɞɚʁɟɬɚɱɧɨɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɤɨʁɢɦɫɟɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɞɚɫɟɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɚɚɤɰɢʁɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɦɨɠɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɜɨɦ ɲɬɭɪɨɦ ɛɚɜʂɟʃɭ ɨɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦɆɋɉɡɚɭɡɟɨɫɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɚɜɍɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɋɭɞʁɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɨɞɚɫɟ ʁɟɞɚɧɨɞɪɚɡɥɨɝɚɡɛɨɝɤɨʁɟɝɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɟɧɭɠɧɟɫɚɫɬɨʁɢɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɟɥɟɦɢɧɢɫɚɬɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪɚ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ 402 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ  ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɚɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɂɞɟʁɚ ɨ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ  ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢɧɚɞɜɚɧɚɱɢɧɚ ȳɟɞɚɧ ʁɟɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɥɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɚɞɪɭɝɢ ʁɟɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɟ 399 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪɂɡʁɚɜɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚȺɭɫɬɪɚɥɢʁɟɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ 81'RF639ɫɬp. 4-6); E Kwakwa, 'South Africa's May 1986 Military Incursions into Neighbouring African States' 1987, 12 Yale Journal of International Law ɫɬp. ɢɢNew York Times ɨɞɦɚʁɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɫɬɪȺ 400 UN Doc S/PV.2684, ɫɬp. 22. 401 ɄɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨȻɨɬɚɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɭɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɭȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɨɦ ɉɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬɭʁɚɧɭɚɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɲɬɨʁɟɩɨɧɨɜʂɟɧɨɭɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɭUN Doc S/PV.2684, ɫɬp. 26. 402 Nicaragua merits, para 237. 111 ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ. Ɉɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɫɟ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɋɜɟ ɬɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɞɨ ɞɨɜɨɞɢ ɭ ɡɚɛɭɧɭɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɤɨʁɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟɞɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɧɚɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɟ ɉɪɜɨ ɧɟɤɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɥɧɢɯɤɨɪɚɤɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɫɟɞɚʁɟɚɤɰɢʁɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚɤɚɨɤɪɚʁʃɟɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɨɧɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɦɢɪɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɚɥɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ 403 Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɢɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɥɚɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢ ɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ Ɉɜɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɟ ʁɟ ɚɩɫɬɪɚɤɬɧɢʁɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɚɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɉɪɟɦɚɩɪɜɨɦɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɤɪɚʁʃɟɝɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɛɢɦɨɪɚɥɚɞɚɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɢɪɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɥɨɠɢɥɚɚɤɬɢɜɧɟɧɚɩɨɪɟɭɰɢʂɭɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɚɦɢɪɧɨɝɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɚɫɩɨɪɚɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɌɨɛɢɜɟɡɚɥɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɩɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚɥɧɢɢɥɢ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɬɢɜɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬ404 ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɤɨɦɩɪɨɦɢɫɧɨʁ ɤɥɚɭɡɭɥɢ ɭ ɩɨɜɟʂɢ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɩɨɜʁɟɪɟɜɚ ɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɭ ɫɩɨɪɭ ɬɟɤ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɧɢɫɭɞɚɥɢɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ405 ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚɋɭɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɋɭɞɫɤɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɚʁɟɞɚɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɟɧɭɠɧɟɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɢɡ ɤɨʁɢɯ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɟɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɜɟɡɚɧ ʁɟ ɡɚ 403 J Gardam, Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, ɫɬp.  ɢɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɤʃɢɡɢ Ƚɚɪɞɚɦ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɭʁɟ ɦɚʃɟ ʁɚɫɚɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɭɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɭɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭɫɚɨɜɢɦɰɢɬɚɬɨɦɫɚɩɨɱɟɬɤɚɤʃɢɝɟɜɢɞɢɫɬp. 148- ɋɬɚɜɞɚɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɚɜɚɬɢɫɢɥɢɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɲɬɨɫɭɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɟɞɪɭɝɟɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɫɬɨʁɟɧɚɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭɜɨɞɢ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨɢɡɩɟɪɢɨɞɚɤɚɞɚʁɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɦɚɨɜɪɥɨɦɚɥɨɢɥɢɧɢɦɚɥɨɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɇɩɪɢɞɟʁɚɫɟɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚɭɞʁɟɥɢɦɚȼɚɬɟɥɚɨɱɟɦɭʁɟɛɢɥɨɜɢɲɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɭɝɥɚɜɢ,ɢɚɤɨʁɟɨɧ ɨɜɚʁɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɨɤɚɨɩɨɠɟʂɚɧɢɥɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟɝɨɜɢɦɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɞɨɛɪɨɜɨʂɧɢɡɚɤɨɧ E de Vattel, Le Droit des Gens, ou Principes de la Loi Naturelle, appliqués a la Conduite et aux Affaires des Nations et des Souverains, Vol III, CG Fenwick (ɩɪɟɜɧɚɟɧɝɥɟɫɤɢ), in JB Scott (ed), The Classics of International Law, Washington, DC, Carnegie Institution, 1916, ɫɬp.  Ɋɚɞɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɯ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɜɢɞɢ'LQVWHLQop.cit., ɫɬp. 225; T Kearley, 'Raising the Caroline' 1999, 17 Wisconsin International Law Journal 325, ɫɬp. 326; MA Rogoff and E Collins Jr, 'The Caroline Incident and the Development of International Law' 1990, 16 Brooklyn Journal of International Law 493, ɫɬp.ɢ70)UDQFNRecourse to Force: State Actions against Threats and Armed Attacks, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press 2002, ɫɬp. 132. 404 D Kritsiotis, Rules on Self-Defence in International Law, Memorandum for the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London Chatam House International Law Programme, 8.12.2004., ɫɬp. 15. 405 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ ɱɥɚɧ ;;, ɫɬɚɜ  ɉɚɤɬɚ ɨ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɭ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɢɂɪɚɧɚɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɤɨʁɢɦʁɟɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬɆɋɉɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ 112 ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɠɚɥɢɥɟ ɂɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɜɟɡɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɨɤɨɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ406 ɂɡɨɜɨɝɚ ɫɟɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɚɪɟɦ ɡɚ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɠɚɥɛɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɛɢɨ ɧɭɠɚɧ ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɒɜɟɛɟɥ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɧɭɠɧɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɜɢɦɢɪɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɢ ɪɢʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɢ407 Ɇɨɠɟɫɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚɫɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɨɧɟɤɚɞɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭɧɚɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɥɟɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɤɚɞɚɬɜɪɞɟɞɚɫɭɚɤɰɢʁɟɤɨʁɟɫɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɟɛɢɥɟɧɭɠɧɟɢɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɟɩɨɧɟɤɚɞɨɫɭɻɭʁɭɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨɧɢɫɭɢɫɰɪɩɢɥɟɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɟɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ408 ɇɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɞɚɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɡɚɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟɫɩɨɪɚɦɨɪɚʁɭɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɢɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨʁ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦɚɥɨɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟ ɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɫɟɞɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭɧɢɫɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɚ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɰɪɩɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɟ ɜɨɞɢ ɚɭɬɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ ɬɪɟʄɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɨɫɭɞɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɟɧɭɠɧɟ Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɪɢʁɟɲɟ ɫɩɨɪ ɩɨɦɨʄɭɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɲɬɨɫɭɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɥɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟɨɧɟɧɟɧɚɜɨɞɟɞɚɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɨʁ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɟ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɤɚɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɨ ɨ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɢɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭɭɩɭɬɢɥɟɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɬɚɥɢɛɚɧɫɤɨɦɪɟɠɢɦɭɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɫɭɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɥɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɭɥɬɢɦɚɬɭɦɟɚɤɨɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɢɧɟɛɭɞɭɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢɌɚɥɢɛɚɧɢɫɭɨɞɛɢɥɢɬɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɟ409 ɇɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢɩɚɤ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɨɫʁɟʄɚɥɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɞɚ ɪɢʁɟɲɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɛɟɡɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɢɥɢɞɚɫɭɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɟɞɚɬɢɭɥɬɢɦɚɬɭɦɢɢɦɚʁɭɧɟɤɭɜɟʄɭ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɨɞɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧɟɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟɢɥɢɫɬɪɚɬɟɲɤɟɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɨɠɟɫɟɱɚɤɪɟʄɢ ɞɚɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɢɦɚɥɟɧɚɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭɦɧɨɝɟɧɟɧɚɫɢɥɧɟɨɩɰɢʁɟɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ 406 Oil platforms merits, para 76. 407 Nicaragua meritsɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɒɜɟɛɟɥSDUD 201. 408 ɇɩɪɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɟɨɫɭɞɢɥɨɚɤɰɢʁɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɭɍɝɚɧɞɢɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɨɤɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʃɚ ɬɚɨɰɚ ɛɢɥɢ ɭ ɬɨɤɭ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɨɫɬɜɚɪɟɧ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɚɤ ȼɢɞɢ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɅɢɛɢʁɟɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ81'RF639ɫɬp. 3. 409 Washington Post, 19.09.2001., ɫɬp. $ɢWashington Post, 22.09.2001., ɫɬp. A1 113 Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɚ410 Ⱦɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ Ɍɪɚʁɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ Operation Enduring Freedom  ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ411 ɉɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɬɪɟɧɞ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɜɟ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ. ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɞɨɝɨɞɢɨ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɦɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɬɢɦɢɪɧɨɦɧɚɱɢɧɭɪʁɟɲɟʃɚɫɩɨɪɚɩɪɢʁɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬɬɨɦɟɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɜɟʄɚ ʁɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɚ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɦɢɪɧɨ ɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɢ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ʁɨɲ ɜɚɠɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʄɟ ɨɜɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɤɚɞɚɛɭɞɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɟɞɚ ʁɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɛɢɥɚɧɯɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚɫɩɪɚɜɧɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɝɥɟɞɢɲɬɚ ʁɟɪ ɬɚɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚɧɚɫɬɨʁɚʃɚɧɢɫɭɞɚɥɚɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɈɜɨɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɫɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟɭɤɨʁɢɦɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢ ɧɚɫɥɢɱɚɧɧɚɱɢɧɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɤɨʁɢɫɟɧɢʁɟɞɟɫɢɨɧɚʃɟɧɨʁɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ Ⱦɨɛɚɪɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɡɚɩɪɜɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɚɫɟ ɛɪɚɧɢ ʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɢ ɋɟʁɲɟɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɱɤɢɯ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɚɟɪɨɞɪɨɦ ɭ ɋɟʁɲɟɥɢɦɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɚɥɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɤɚ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɬɤɪɢɜɟɧɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɨ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɧɚ ɰɚɪɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢ412 ȵɢɯɨɜɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨ ɧɚ 410 Quigley, op.cit., ɫɬp. 546-48. 411 ɇɩɪɚɤɰɢʁɭɫɭɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɨɫɭɞɢɥɢɊɭɫɢʁɚɄɢɧɚɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧȳɚɩɚɧɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢȺɪɚɩɫɤɢȿɦɢɪɚɬɢɢ ɋɚɭɞɢʁɫɤɚ Ⱥɪɚɛɢʁɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɟɜɟɬɧɚɟɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɇȺɌɈ-ɚ ɉɨɧɭɞɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦȺɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɦȾɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɞɨɲɥɟɫɭɨɞȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟȺɭɫɬɪɚɥɢʁɟɄɚɧɚɞɟɋɢɧɝɚɩɭɪɚ ɒɩɚɧɢʁɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɍɤɪɚʁɢɧɟ Ɋɭɦɭɧɢʁɟ ɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɚ ɇɨɜɨɝ Ɂɟɥɚɧɞɚ ɏɨɥɚɧɞɢʁɟ ȵɟɦɚɱɤɟ ɂɬɚɥɢʁɟ ȳɚɩɚɧɚȳɨɪɞɚɧɚȻɟɥɝɢʁɟȾɚɧɫɤɟɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟɢȳɭɠɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟwww.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2001/5194.htm ɢwww.parliament.uk/commons/lib/researh/rp2001/rp01-081.pdf ɫɬp  ɍ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɭ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟɍɧɢʁɟʁɟɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɧɚɜɟɨɞɚʁɟ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɚ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ɨɞɟɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɨɞ  ɋɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɚ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɫɬɚɜ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɬɨɦɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɢȻɪɚɡɢɥ ɢɑɢɥɟȼɢɞɢ 81'RF Ⱥ39ɫɬp. 3Ɍɪɟɛɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɦɚɯɧɚɤɨɧɧɚɩɚɞɚɨɞ ɋɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɭɞɜɢʁɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɩɬɨɜɪɞɢɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɜɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚ6&5HVɢ SC Res 1373. Ɋɚɞɢɞɟɬɚʂɧɢʁɟɚɧɚɥɢɡɟɩɪɚɤɫɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɨɩɟɪɰɢʁɟ ɇɟɭɧɢɲɬɢɜɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ  ɜɢɞɢ 6'0XUSK\ HG  &RQWHPSRUDU\ 3UDFWLFH RI WKH8QLWHG 6WDWHV5HODWLQJ WR International Law' 2002, 96 American Journal of International Law 237, ɫɬp. 248; MJ Kelly, ‘Understanding September 11th: An International Legal Perspective on the War in Afghanistan’ 2001-02, 35 Creighton Law Review 283, ɫɬp. 285-86; Gazzini op.cit. ɫɬp. 76- ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨʁɚɤɰɢʁɢɨɧɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɚɭɧɢɜɟɪɡɚɥɧɚȼɢɲɟɨɬɨɦɟɜɢɞɢɭ(3-0\MHUɢ N White, ‘The Twin Towers Attack: An Unlimited Right to Self-Defence?’ 2002, 7 Journal of Conflict and Security Law 5, ɫɬp. 6- ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɚɢɦɚɥɨɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɭɚɧɟɩɪɚɜɧɭɩɪɢɪɨɞɭȼɢɞɢ4XLJOH\op.cit., ɫɬp. 554. 412 UN Doc S/PV.2314, ɫɬp. 4-5. 114 ɋɟʁɲɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɭɞɚɪɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɨɜɚɥɚ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ413 Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɋɟʁɲɟɥɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɢɜɚʃɚɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦɫɢɥɟɩɨɞɪɠɚɧʁɟ ɨɞ ɫɜɢɯ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɟɡ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɚ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɛɢɨ ɧɭɠɚɧ414 7R MH ɛɢɥɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɧɚɫɢɥɧɢɯ ɧɢɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɫɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɨɩɲɬɟɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɚ415 Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɚɫɚɦɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɚɤɚɜʁɟɛɢɨ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɤɨɞ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɋɟʁɲɟɥɢɦɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɫɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɤɨɞ ɤɪɢɡɟ ɨɤɨ ɛɪɨɞɚ Ɇɚʁɚɝɟɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɚɦɛɨʇɚɧɫɤɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɡɚɭɡɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞɆɚʁɚɝɟɡ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɨɛɚɥɟ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɉɨɭɥɨ ȼɚɢ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ Ʉɚɦɛɨʇɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚ ʃɟɧɢɦ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ 416 ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɟɫɭɞɚɨɞɜɟɞɭɢɛɪɨɞɢɩɨɫɚɞɭɧɚɤɨɩɧɨɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɟɫɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦɧɚɤɚɦɛɨʇɚɧɫɤɟɛɪɨɞɨɜɟɤɨʁɢɫɭɩɪɚɬɢɥɢɆɚʁɚɝɟɡɢʃɢɯɨɜɭɩɨɫɚɞɭ417 ɤɚɨɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɰɢʂɟɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɩɧɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ418 ɍ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚɥɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɫɚ ɤɚɦɛɨʇɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɜɥɚɞɨɦ ɨɤɨ ɩɭɲɬɚʃɚ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ419 Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɩɚɤ ɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟɨɜɟɧɚɩɨɪɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɟɱɢɧɨɦɞɨɛɪɟɜɨʂɟɢɞɚɡɚʃɢɯɨɧɢɧɢɫɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ 413 ɍɦʁɟɲɚɧɨɫɬ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɧɢɤɚɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ UN Yearbook 226-27), ɢɚɤɨɫɭɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɢʁɚɤɢɞɨɤɚɡɢɤɨʁɢɫɭɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɥɢɧɚɨɜɚɤɚɜɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤȼɢɞɢɧɩɪ5HSRUWRI the Security Council Commission of Inquiry established under resolution 496 1981, UN Doc S/15492/ 5HY QG 5HSRUW  ɂ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɥɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɨʁɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɢɨɫɭɞɢɥɚʃɟɧɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ. (GA Res 36/172c). 414 ȼɢɞɢɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɨɨɨɨɜɨɦɟ81'RFV639639639639ɢ639 415 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪ81'RF6Corr.1. 416 JJ Paust, ‘The Seizure and Recovery of Mayaguez’ 1975-76, 85 Yale Law Journal, 774, ɫɬp. 775 417 AM, Weisburd, Use of Force: The Practice of States Since World War II, University Park, Pensylvania State University Press, 1997, ɫɬp. 275. 418 Paust, op.cit., ɫɬp. 781. 419 ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɧɟ ɧɨɬɟ ɤɚɦɛɨʇɚɧɫɤɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɩɭɲɬɚʃɟ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɚɞɟ ɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɭ ȼɢɞɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭWeisburd, op.cit.,ɫɬp.  ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɟɞɚʁɟɚɤɰɢʁɚɫɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦɫɢɥɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚ >ɭ@ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɧɚɲɟ ɚɩɟɥɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɟ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɦ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɦɚ  ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɥɟ ɨɞ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚ ɍɇ-ɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɨɥɚɤɲɚɬɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɭɤɪɢɡɭɩɢɫɦɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɋȺȾ-ɚȽɟɧɪɚɥɧɨɦɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɭɨɞɦɚʁɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɭDepartment of State Bulletin, 1975, ɫɬp. 720 115 Ɉɞ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɫɤɨɪɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɜɟɫɬɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɫɭ ɢɡɜɟɥɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɜɨɞɧɢɯɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɦɟɬɚɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭɢɋɭɞɚɧɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ >ɨ@ɜɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɬɟɤɧɚɤɨɧɜɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɢɯɧɚɩɨɪɚɞɚɫɟɭɛɢʁɟɞɟɜɥɚɞɚɋɭɞɚɧɚɢɬɚɥɢɛɚɧɫɤɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭɞɚɩɪɟɤɢɧɭɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ 420 ɋɥɢɱɧɨɬɨɦɟȳɭɠɧɚ Ʉɨɪɟʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɤɨɛ ʃɟɧɟ ɦɨɪɧɚɪɢɰɟ ɫɚ ɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɨɦɄɨɪɟʁɨɦ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ421 ɛɢɨ ɧɭɠɚɧ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɭɩɨɡɨɪɟʃɟ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɚɞɚ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɨɤɨɪɟʁɫɤɨɝ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɪɢʁɟɲɢ ɛɟɡ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ422 Ƚɨɪɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɨɞɧɨɫɟɫɟɧɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚ ɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ Ɍɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɯ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ ɧɟ ɫɬɨʁɢ ɬɜɪɞʃɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɥɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɢɡɜɚɧ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɚɞɚɬɚɤɚɜɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɧɟɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɤɨɞɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɉɪɢʁɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɚɧɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɚɤɨɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɟɢɥɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɚɦɚɢɥɢɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɚɦ ɬɚʁɧɚɩɚɞɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɤɚɨɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜ 420 UN Doc S/1998/780. 421 ɄɨʁɨɦɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɫɭɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɬɜɪɞɢɥɟɞɚɫɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɥɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɊɚɞɢɬɜɪɞʃɢȳɭɠɧɟ Ʉɨɪɟʁɟ ɜɢɞɢ The Naval Clash on the Yellow Sea on 29 June between South and North Korea: The Situation and ROK’s Position’ 1 July 2002, press release of the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Korea, www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/rok/2002/0020704-naval.htm ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ 12.02.20 ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ɋɚɞɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɭɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟ ɜɢɞɢNew York Times, 30. June 2002, ɫɬp. 12. 422 ȼɪɢʁɟɞɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɚɰ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɇɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɡɚ ɨɜɨ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɭ ɉɟɪɡɢʁɫɤɨɦ ɡɚʂɟɜɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟ ɂɪɚɤɚ ɢɡ Ʉɭɜɚʁɬɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɪɟɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɨɫɧɨɜ ɡɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɚɥɢɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ  ɬʁ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɩɨ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚȾɢɧɲɬɚʁɧɧɩɪ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɨɜɨɞɪɭɝɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚɫɭɪɟɡRɥɭɰɢʁɟSC Res 660 ɢ6&5HVɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɟɤɚɨ ɛɥɚɝɨɫɥɨɜ  ɡɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɡɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɚ VII ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɧɚɜɟɥɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɦ  81 'RF 6 Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɚɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɭɍɇ-ɚ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɪɚɬɚɭɄɨɪɟʁɢɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɨɢɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɚɧɚɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ 116 ɞɨɤɚɡ ɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɍ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɨɜɨ ɫɟ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬ423 ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ ɞɚ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɛɢɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɧɭɠɧɢɦ  ɂ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ ɦɢɪɧɟ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɧɢɦ ɭ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʁɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɉɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɧɟɦɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɢɥɢ ɱɚɤ ɡɚ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɲɬɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨɞɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɧɭɠɧɚ424 ɍɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɧɚɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɜɟʄɚ ʁɟɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʄɚɞɚʄɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚ ɞɚ ɫɬɭɩɢ ɭ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟɌɨʁɟɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨʁɟɬɟɠɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɭɬɚɤɜɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɢɫɬɨɝɚ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɧɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɟʄɢ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɦɢɪɧɨɝ ɪɢʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɚ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɨɫɧɚɠɚɜɚ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚɚɤɰɢʁɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚɨɫɧɨɜɡɚɧɭɠɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɉɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭʁɟɞɧɚɱɟɧɚ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɚ ɜɚɠɟʄɟ opinio juris ʁɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɞɨɜɨʃɧɟ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɬɨɝɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯɢɜɚɧɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɯɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɫɥɭɠɢɤɚɨɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɤɨɞ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɢɫɰɪɩɢɦɢɪɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɫɩɨɪɚ ɚ ɢɫɰɪɩʂɢɜɚʃɟ ɬɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɨɤɚɡ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɟɡɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɟ ɂɫɬɨɬɚɤɨɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɞɚɫɟɢɫɰɪɩɟɫɜɚɦɢɪɧɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɡɚɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɫɩɨɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɤɨɞɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚɞɚɥɢʁɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɫɢɥɨɦɛɢɨɧɭɠɚɧɇɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɚɩɫɨɥɭɬɧɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɱɟɤɚ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢ 423 ɂɡɚɢɫɬɚɒɚɯɬɟɪɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɞɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚɤɚɞɚʁɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚɧɚɨɜɚʁɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ per se: O Schachter, International Law in Theory and Practice, Dordrecht, MArtinus Nijhoff, 1991, ɫɬp. ɇɟɲɬɨɨɩɪɟɡɧɢʁɭɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɨ ʁɟɄɟɧɢɤɨʁɢ ɧɚɜɨɞɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɬɜɚɪɚ ʁɚɤɭɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɭ ɞɚʄɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦɛɢɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧKC Kenny, ‘Self-Defence’ in R Wolfrum and C Philipp (eds), United Nations: Law, Policies and Practice, Vol II, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1995, ɫɬpȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ'LQVWHLQop.cit. ɫɬp. 237. 424 O Scachter, ‘The Right of States to Use Armed Force, 1983-84, 82 Michigan Law Review, 1620, ɫɬp. 1635. 117 ɞɟɛɚɬɭɨɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɢʁɟɧɟɝɨɫɟɨɞɥɭɱɢɧɚɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ425 Ⱦɚɤɥɟɫɜɢɨɜɢ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨɞɨɤɚɡɢɚɤɨʁɚɤɞɨɤɚɡɤɨɞɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ. ɋɚɞɚʄɟɦɨɫɟɩɨɫɜɟɬɢɬɢɞɪɭɝɨɦɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭɩɢɬɚʃɚɞɚɥɢʁɟɚɤɰɢʁɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ  ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɥɚ ɦɢɪɧɨɦɧɚɱɢɧɭɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɚɫɩɨɪɚɩɪɢʁɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟɢɥɢ ɞɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɬɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɚper se.426 Ⱦɨɛɚɪɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɡɚɨɜɚɤɜɭɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɋɟʁɲɟɥɚɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɱɤɟɜɨʁɫɤɟɝɨɞɢɧɟɲɬɨʁɟɝɨɪɟ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɢʁɟɨɛʁɚɲʃɟɧɨɁɚɯɬʁɟɜɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɫɢɥɨɦɛɭɞɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɟɧɫɚɦɨɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ  ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧ ɫɜɟ ɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɫɢɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ, ɞɚɛɢɪɢʁɟɲɢɥɚɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚɬɢɱɧɭɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭ Ɉɜɚʁɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɫɟɭɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɢɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɢɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɚɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟɦɚɢɡɛɨɪɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ.'427 Ⱥɤɨʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɬɚɤɜɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɞɚ ɧɟɛɢɛɢɥɨ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɨ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɧɟɧɚɫɢɥɧɟ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭ ɋɬɚɜ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɚɨ ɤɪɚʁʃɟɦɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɭ ɮɨɪɢɦɭɥɢɫɚɧ ʁɟɭ ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɫʂɟɞɟʄɢɧɚɱɢɧ:'428 ɇɟ ɫɦɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɨʁ ɨɩɰɢʁɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɤɨɞ ɨɤɨɧɱɚʃɚ ɢɥɢɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɚɧɚɩɚɞɚ  Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɝɩɨɬɨɦɟɲɬɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɨɩɲɬɟɧɟɩɨɤɭɲɚɪʁɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɩɨɪɦɢɪɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦɭɤɨɥɢɤɨɬɨɧɢʁɟɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ɭɞɚɬɢɦɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ. 425 ɂ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɱɥɚɧ  ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɞɨɤɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɚɤɰɢʁɭɤɨʁɭɛɢɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɦɪɚɞɢɨɪɠɚʃɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɲɬɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɧɟɦɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɟɤɚ ɭ ɧɚɞɢ ɞɚ ʄɟɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɢʁɟɲɢɬɢ ɫɩɨɪ ɦɢɪɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦ 426 ȼɢɞɢɾXSUD423 427 Ɉɜɞɟɪɢʁɟɱ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɜɨʁɧɭɫɢɥɭɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɚɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɡɚɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟɫɩɨɪɚ ɚɧɟɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɨɪɭɠʁɟɢɥɢɜɪɫɬɭɨɪɭɠʁɚ 428 The Chatam House Principles of International Law on te Use of Force by States in Self-Defence, 2006, 55 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, ɫɬp  Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɡɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɫɥɢɱɧɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟȼɢɞɢɧɩɪ.&KDLQRJORX µ5HFRQFHSWXDOLVLQJ6HOI-Defence in International Law’ 2007, 18 Kings Law Journal 61, ɫɬp. 88. 118 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟɭ ɟɪɢɍɇ-ɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟɩɪɟɭɫɤɢɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦɫɢɥɟɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɚɌɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɩɨʁɦɚ ɩɪɟɨɜɥɚɞɚɜɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ  ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɬɨɬɚɥɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɫɜɢɦɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɦɨɠɟɞɚɬɢɧɟɬɚɱɧɭɫɥɢɤɭɨɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɛɚɪɟɦɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɨʁɚɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɤɨʁɢʁɟɡɚɩɨɱɟɨɍɦʁɟɫɬɨɬɨɝɚɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢʁɟɛɢɛɢɥɨɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɬɢ ɪɚɡɭɦɧɚ  ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɛɚɥɚɧɫɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɢɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɫʁɟɞɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɢɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟɫɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ 119 ɋɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɢ ɫɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟɦ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜʂɭʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ Ɇɋɉ ɫɟ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ Ⱦɨɛɚɪ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɍɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɞɜɚ ɨɞɜɨʁɟɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɧɨɝ ɨɞ  ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɨɧɨɝ ɨɞ  ɚɩɪɢɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɨɧɟɤɥɟɧɟɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɨɦ ɍɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɋɭɞʁɟɧɚɜɟɨ ɉɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɩɚɞɤɨʁɢɫɟɞɟɫɢɨ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɛɢɦɨɝɚɨɛɢɬɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ, ɩɨɞɭɫɥɨɜɨɦɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚʁɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɧɭɠɚɧɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɢɰɢɞɟɧɬ ɨɤɨ ɛɪɨɞɚ Sea Isle City, ɤɚɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɨɱɢʃɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɂɪɚɧɚɍɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɧɚɩɚɞɚɨɞɚɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɚ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɧɢ ɩɚɤ ɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɢ ɢ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɞɢɨ ɲɢɪɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟɩɨɞɧɚɡɢɜɨɦOperation Praying Mantis...ɉɢɬɚʃɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚɬɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟɧɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɋɭɞɨɦʁɟɪ ɫɚɦɨ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɚ ɋɚɥɦɚɧ ɢ ɇɚɫɪ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɭɝɨɜɨɪɚɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɚɥɢɋɭɞɧɟɦɨɠɟ ɰʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɬɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɛɢ ɬɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɬɜɨɪɢɬɢɨɱɢɩɪɟɞɨɛɢɦɨɦɰɢʁɟɥɟɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟɤɨʁɚʁɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɥɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɨɝ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɢɪɚɧɫɤɟ ɮɪɟɝɚɬɟ ɢ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɚ ɢ ɚɜɢɨɧɚ .DR ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɟɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧɨɝ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝ ɛɪɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɨɲɬɟʄɟɧ ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɨɩʂɟɧ ɢ ɛɟɡʂɭɞɫɤɢɯ ɝɭɛɢɬɚɤɚ ɧɢɬɢ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚPraying Mantis ɭɡɟɬɚ ɭ ɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ ɧɢɬɢ ɱɚɤʃɟɧɞɢɨɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɤɨʁɟɝɫɭɭɧɢɲɬɟɧɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɋɚɥɦɚɧɢ 120 ɇɚɫɪɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɚɩɪɟɦɚɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɨɜɨɝ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɤɚɨɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ429 Ⱦɚɤɥɟɫɭɞɫɤɚɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʁɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɥɚɞɚɛɢɫɟɩɪɜɢɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɦɨɝɚɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ  ɞɚ ɫɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢ ɂɩɚɤ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭ ɋɭɞ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɞɚ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚPraying Mantis ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɧɢ ɞɢɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɨɧɚɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢɋɚɥɦɚɧɢɇɚɫɪ 430 ɍɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɧɚɩɚɞɨɞ ɨɤɬɨɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɟɞɜɢʁɟ ɧɚɮɬɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɨɦ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ  ɫɦɚɬɪɚɧ ʁɟɪrima facieɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦɢɥɢ ʁɟɛɚɪɟɦɋɭɞɡɚɭɡɟɨɫɬɚɜɞɚɛɢɨɜɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɭɧɢɲɬɟʃɟɞɜɢʁɟ ɧɚɮɬɧɟɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟʁɟɞɧɨɝɜɨʁɧɨɝɛɪɨɞɚ  ɨɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧ ʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ Ɋɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɜɚ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɤɨɞ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ʁɚɫɚɧɂɦɚʁɭʄɢɭɜɢɞɭɞɚɫɭɨɛɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɛɢɥɟɭɫɭɲɬɢɧɢɢɫɬɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɥɨɜɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɬɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɬɢ ɡɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧɚɞɪɭɝɢɨɱɢɬɨɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɫɟɪɟʄɢɞɚ ʁɟɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɞɚ ʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɨɞ ɚɩɪɢɥɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɞɢɨ ɲɢɪɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɭ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɜɚɤɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɞɢɨ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɟPraying Mantis, ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɭɧɢɲɬɟɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ ɋɚɥɦɚɧ ɢ ɇɚɫɪ  ɛɢɨ ɫɚɦ ɩɨ ɫɟɛɢ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ431 Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɤɚɨ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ Ⱥɧɞɪɟɚɫ Ʌɚɭɪɫɟɧ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɋɭɞ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɢɥɢɥɢɦɢɧɢɪɚʃɟ Ɉɧɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟɞɚʁɟɬɜɪɞʃɚ 429 Oil platforms merits, para 77 430 Ibid. 431 Ibid. 121 ɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɚ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɧɟɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɧɚ432 Ɇɨɠɞɚʁɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢʁɟɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɨɧɨɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɨɝ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɜɨʁɧɢɢɥɢɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɢɦɚɭɬɢɰɚʁɚɧɚɬɨɲɬɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɉɪɟɦɚɬɨɦɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɜɨʁɧɢɛɪɨɞ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɬɪɝɨɜɚɱɤɢ ɛɪɨɞ ɤɨɞ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥɥɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɋɭɞ ɛɢ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɛɪɨɞ Sea Isle City ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɨɱɢɬɨ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɚ ɧɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɛɪɨɞSamuel B Roberts. Ʉɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚ ʁɟɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɧɚɩɚɞɬɟɠɢɨɛɥɢɤɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɢɧɚɬɚʁɧɚɱɢɧɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ  ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɬɨ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɨɞɦɨɝɭʄɢɯ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɩɪɚɤɫɟɋɭɞɚɢɞɨɤ ʁɟ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɚɪɢɪɚ ɨɞ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɞɨ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɞɚɥɢʁɟɬɨɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨɧɚɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢɦɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɦɚ Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɋɭɞɚ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɚɨ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɂɩɚɤ ɫɚɦɚ ɬɜɪɞʃɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɲɬɚ ɫɟ ɬɚɱɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɬɢɦ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɚ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɫɚɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɟɦɭ ɜɨʁɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɜɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚ ɚɥɢ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɩɪɜɨɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɚ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɦɭɧɚɩɚɞɭɧɚɤɨʁɢɫɟɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɭɜɢɞɭɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɢ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɟ 433 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɫɟ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɦɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɲɬɨɡɧɚɱɢɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɦʁɟɪɟɢɦɚʁɭɡɚ ɤɨɧɚɱɚɧ ɰɢʂ ɨɬɤɥɚʃɚʃɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʂɟɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ Ɉɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɚ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɚ ɭ ɧɟɤɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ 432 A Laursen, ‘The Judgement by the International Court of Justice in the Oil Platforms Case’ 2004, 73 Nordic Journal of International Law, 135, ɫɬp. 152-53. 433 Ɉɜɚʁ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ʁɨɲ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ ɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɨ ɧɚ µɫɬɪɢɤɬɧɨ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢɱɧɨʁɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɢ¶*D]]LQLop.cit., ɫɬɪ 122 Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɟɪɢɍɇ-ɚɧɭɞɢɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟɧɚɡɧɚɤɟɨɬɨɦɟɤɚɤɨɫɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɍ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɡɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɟɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɤɨɞ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɛɨʂɟ ɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɥɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ Ɍɨɤɨɦ ɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɨ-ɩɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɨɤɨɄɚɲɦɢɪɚ-ɝɨɞɢɧɟ434 ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧʁɟʁɚɫɧɨɢɫɬɢɰɚɨɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɫɚ ɨɛɢɦɨɦ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟɭɬɨɦɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ.435 ɇɚɞɚʂɟɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟɦɨɠɟɢʄɢɞɚʂɟɨɞɨɛɢɦɚɫɢɥɟɢɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɯɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɢɧɞɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɂɩɚɤ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɫɬɚɤɧɭɬɢ ɞɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɪɟʄɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ436 ɍ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɂɧɞɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɫɜɟɨ ɧɚ ɛɨɪɛɭ ɫɚ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ ɉɚɬɚɧ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɞ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ437 ɉɨɲɬɨʁɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɭɩɭɧɨɦɨɛɢɦɭ ɧɚ ɲɬɚʁɟɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɨɫɥɢɱɚɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ ɱɢɧɢɫɟɧɚɩɪɜɢɩɨɝɥɟɞɞɚʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɂɧɞɢʁɟɛɢɥɚɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɤɚɞɚɫɟɢɦɚɭɜɢɞɭʃɟɧɨɛɢɦɭɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚɭɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭɫɚɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɚɥɢɦɛɪɨʁɟɦɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚɩɥɟɦɟɧɚɉɚɬɚɧɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɟʂɚɜɚɥɢ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɟ Ʉɚɲɦɢɪɚ ɂɩɚɤ  ɨɜɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɨɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɰɢʂ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚʃɚ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨɛɢɛɢɥɨɬɟɲɤɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢɫɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦɫɢɥɨɦʁɟɞɧɚɤɟɫɧɚɝɟɧɚ ɫɩɨɪɚɞɢɱɧɟ ɢ ɭɫɤɨ ɰɢʂɚɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ Ⱥɤɰɢʁɟ ɂɧɞɢʁɟ ɧɚɢɲɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ438 434 ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɭ ɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ȼɢɞɢUN Docs/S/PV ɢ S/PV.285, ɫɬɪɪɚɞɢɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɚɬɚɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚɢɂɧɞɢʁɟɬɢɦɪɟɞɨɫɥɢʁɟɞɨɦ 435 Ɍɪɟɛɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚɨɜɚʁɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɧɢʁɟɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɭɱɢɫɬɨɩɪɚɜɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɩɚɝɚɬɪɟɛɚɭɡɟɬɢɫɚ ɞɨɡɨɦɪɟɡɟɪɜɟUN Docs/S/PV.4ɫɬɪ 436 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪɢɡʁɚɜɭɄɢɧɟɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢUN Docs/S/PV.4ɫɬɪ 13. 437 R Indurthy, ‘Kashmir between India and Pakistan: An Intractable Conflict, 1947 to Present’ ɫɬɪ-3. 438 Ʉɚɨɲɬɨɫɟɜɢɞɢɢɡɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ6&5HVɂɧɞɢʁɢʁɟɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨɞɚɡɚɞɪɠɢ ɫɜɨʁɟɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɨɭɄɚɲɦɢɪɭɞɨɤʁɟɭɢɫɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɡɚɬɪɚɠɟɧɨɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɟɨɞɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ 123 ɍɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɤɨɪɟʁɫɤɨɝɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɄɭɛɟɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨɞɚ ɫɭ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɟɭɄɨɪɟʁɢ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟɧɟɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ ɫɜɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ  ɫɧɚɝɚ ɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɟ ɄɨɪɟʁɟɧɚȳɭɠɧɭɄɨɪɟʁɭ439 ɇɚɞɚʂɟɭɢɫɬɨɦɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɧʁɟɫɬɚɜɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɨɤɨɪɟʁɫɤɟ ɚɪɦɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɟ ɢɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨɦ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɟ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɥɚ ɛɟɡɛɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬȳɭɠɧɟɄɨɪɟʁɟ440 ɍ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɨɝ ɪɚɬɚ ɨ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɜɟʄ ɛɢɥɨ ɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɞɚɫɭɚɤɰɢʁɟȼɟɥɢɤɟȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɟɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɭɩɚɞɢɦɚɧɚʃɟɧɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ Ɍɨɦ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɟɧɨ ɨɞȺɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɭɱɟ ɫɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ441 Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɦɢɲʂɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɭɬɨɝɰɢʂɚɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɭɜɢɞɭɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɫɬɚɜɨɜɚɬɟɡɟɦʂɟ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ442 ȳɟɞɧɨɦɤɚɞɚʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɧɫɜɚɤɢɞɚʂɢɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɜɨʁɧɢɦɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʄɟ ɫɟ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦɈɜɨ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɜɢɞɢ ɢɡ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɧɚ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭɭȽɪɟɧɚɞɢɝɨɞɢɧɟɡɚɤɨʁɭɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɬɜɪɞɢɥɟɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɜɚʂɚ ɩɪɦɢʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɚ443 ɍ ɨɜɨɦ 439 UN Doc S/PV.4ɫɬɪɈɫɬɚɥɨ ʁɟɫɩɨɪɧɨɞɚɥɢ ʁɟɩɪɚɜɧɢɨɫɧɨɜɡɚɚɤɰɢʁɭɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɭɭɄɨɪɟʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟɦ ɍɇ-ɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɢʃɟɧɢɯɫɚɜɟɡɧɢɤɚȼɟʄɢɧɚɚɭɬɨɪɚɫɦɚɬɪɚɞɚʁɟɨɜɚʁɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɫɬɚɜ ɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢʁɢȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ J Stone, Aggression and World Order, University of California Press, Berkley, 1958, ɫɬɪɢ7+ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ@ ɋɭɞ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɞɭɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɢɡɜɟɞɟɧ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ456 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜɫɬɚɜɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚɬɨɞɚ ʁɟɋɭɞɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɞɚ ʁɟɩɪɨɲɥɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɭɨɜɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɢɞɚɫɟɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɍɫɜɨɦɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɚɏɢɝɢɧɫʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɭɦɚɱɢɥɚ ɫɬɚɜɋɭɞɚɨɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɭɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɢɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  453 Greenwood, op.cit., ɫɬɪ 454 Nicaragua merits, para 237. 455 Gardam, Necessity, Proportionality and the Use of Force by States, ɫɬɪ 456 Nicaragua merits, para 237. 127 ɞɚɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɞɚɨɜɚʁɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɢɦɚɡɚɰɢʂɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɛɪɚɧɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ >Ʉ@ɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ >Ɉɜɚʁ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɧɚ@ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɡɚ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɧɚ ɫɢɦɟɬɪɢʁɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɢɡɜɨɻɟʃɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬ.457 ɍɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɫɭɞɢʁɚɒɜɟɛɟɥʁɟɢɦɚɨɫɥɢɱɚɧɫɬɚɜ Ȼɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɢ ɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɝ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ Ⱥɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɢ ɨɞɛɢɨ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɦɨɠɟ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɥɚɤɨ ɞɨɛɢɬɢ ɞɢɦɟɧɡɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɟɬɪɩʂɟɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ458 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɞɢʁɚɄɨɢɠɦɚɧɫɭɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ 459 ɢɚɤɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɢɦɚɬɢɧɚɭɦɭɞɚɫɭɞɢʁɫɤɚɜɟʄɢɧɚɧɢʁɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɥɚɨɜɚʁɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɧɚɨɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ460 Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ, ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢʁɫɤɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ  ɢ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɥɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɰɢʂɭ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɫɚʃɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɫ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɜɨɪɚ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ 457 Nuclear Weapons advisory opinionɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɏɢɝɢɧɫpara 5. 458 Nicaragua merits, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɫɭɞɢʁɟɒɜɟɛɟɥ para  Ɂɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɨɞ ɫɭɞɢʁɟ ɏɢɝɢɧɫ ɬɪɟɛɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚɫɭɞɢʁɚɒɜɟɛɟɥɧɢʁɟɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚʁɟɫɭɞɢʁɫɤɚɜɟʄɢɧɚɧɚɨɜɚʁɧɚɱɢɧɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɥɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɫɨɬɢɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  459 DRC v Uganda meritsɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɄɨɢɠɦɚɧɫparaɾ-34. 460 ɉɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɢ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɤɟ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɜʁɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɧɢʁɢ ɡɚ ɋɭɞ DRC v Uganda merits, para 147. 128 Ɍɚɤɨɻɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɢɡ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɦ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɨɦ ɍ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɭ ɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧʁɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɨɚɤɰɢʁɟɂɧɞɢʁɟ461 ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦɨɛɡɢɪɨɦ ɧɚɨɛɢɦɜɨʁɧɢɯɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɉɪɢɝɨɜɨɪɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚʁɟɛɢɨɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢɞɚʁɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɂɧɞɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɡɚ ɤɨʁɟ ʁɟ ɂɧɞɢʁɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚɞɚɫɭɡɚɩɨɱɟɬɢɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚɚɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɨɛɢɦɚɬɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɚɧɟɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɧɢ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɫɚɥɢ462 ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢɯɭɩɚɞɚɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɅɢɛɚɧɚɭɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɭ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ463 Ⱥɪɝɟɧɬɢɧɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ 464 ɋɥɢɱɧɟ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟ465 ɢ ɋɭɞɚɧɚ466 ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɦɟɻɭ-ɤɨɪɟʁɫɤɨɝ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɨɤɪɲɚʁɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɚ Ʉɨɪɟʁɚ ʁɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ467 7D ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɢɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞ ȳɭɠɧɟ Ʉɨɪɟʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɨɛɢɦɚɢɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ Ʉɚɞɚɫɟɢɦɚɭɜɢɞɭɰʁɟɥɨɤɭɩɧɚɩɪɚɤɫɚʁɚɫɧɨʁɟɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚʁɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧɚɤɨɫɥɭɠɢɰɢʂɭɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɚɧɟɚɤɨ ɩɨ ɨɛɢɦɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɭ Ɍɚɤɨ Ɋɭɬ ȼɟʇɜɭɞ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɞɚ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɦɢʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɢʁɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚɭɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɞɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɨɦɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɲʄɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɚɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɨɜɨɤɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ 468 ɋɥɢɱɧɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɢɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨɞɪɭɝɢɯɚɭɬɨɪɚ469 461 ȺɤɰɢʁɚɡɚɤɨʁɭʁɟɂɧɞɢʁɚɬɜɪɞɢɥɚɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭUN Doc S/PV.1606, ɫɬɪ ɢ 462 ȼɢɞɢUN Doc S/PV.1606, ɫɬɪɚɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ UN Doc S/PV.1607, ɫɬɪ 463 Ʉɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɟɤɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɨɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɅɢɛɚɧɚɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɡɚɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢUN Doc S/ 10550. 464 UN Doc S/PV.1644, ɫɬɪ 465 UN Doc S/PV.1650, ɫɬɪ 466 Ibid., ɫɬɪ 467 ȼɢɞɢ The Situation and ROK’s Position’ 1 July 2002, press release of the Ministry of National Defence of the Republic of Korea, www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/library/news/rok/2002/0020704-naval.htm, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 468 R Wedgwood, ‘Proportionality and Necessity in American National Security Decision Making’ 1992, 86 American Society of International Law Proceedings, 58 ɫɬɪ 469 R Higgins, Problems and Process: International Law and How We Use It, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994, ɫɬɪ060F'RXJDODQG)3)HOLFLDQRLaw and Minimum World Public Order: The Legal Regulation of International Coercion, 1HZ+DYHQɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢɦ@ ɪɚɞɚɪɢɦɚ ɧɟɞɭɝɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɱɟɝɚ ɫɭ ɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɢ ɚɪɬɢʂɟɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɧɚɧɚɲɚ ɫɟɥɚɭ ɛɥɢɡɢɧɢɩɨʁɚɫɚȽɚɡɟ³496 Ɍɚɤɚɜ ɪɚɡɥɨɝ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɚ ɚɪɚɩɫɤɟ ɫɭɫʁɟɞɟɛɢɨɛɢɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɩɪɟɦɚɱɥɚɧɭɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ497 Ⱦɚ ɫɭ ɬɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɧɟɨɫɩɨɪɟɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɟ ɫɟ ɬɚɱɧɢɦ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨʁ ɚɤɰɢʁɢ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɢɫɬɢɧɢɬɨɫɬ ȿɛɚɧɨɜɢɯɧɚɜɨɞɚɞɨɜɟɞɟɧɚʁɟɭɩɢɬɚʃɟɢɧɢɤɚɞɚɧɢʁɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ498 495 ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɩɪɢ ɍɇ-ɭ Ƚɢɞɟɨɧ Ɋɚɮɚɟɥ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟ  ʁɭɧɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɨɞɥɭɱɢɨɞɚɫɟɫɭɩɪɨɬɫɬɚɜɢɟɝɢɩɚɬɫɤɨʁɜɨʁɫɰɢÄɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦ³ȼɢɞɢUN Doc. S/PV.1347 (5ʁɭɧɢ, 1967), para. 32ɂɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢɦɢɧɢɫɬɚɪɜɚʃɫɤɢɯɩɨɫɥɨɜɚȺɛɚȿɛɚɧɩɨɧɨɜɢɨ ʁɟɬɚɤɜɭɬɜɪɞʃɭɧɚɪɟɞɧɨɝɞɚɧɚɭȵɭʁɨɪɤɭȼɢɞɢUN Doc. S/PV.1348 (6ʁɭɧɢ, 1967), para. 155, 161 ɇɢɬɢ ɭ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɤɨɧ  ʁɭɧɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɚɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɚɚɤɰɢʁɚɆɟɻɭɬɢɦɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɨɝɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɦɨɠɟɫɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɢɡɢɡʁɚɜɚɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢɯɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɬɢʁɟɥɢɦɚȽɨɫɩȿɛɚɧ ʁɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɨɨÄɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɂɡɪɚɟɥɝɞʁɟɝɨɞɩɨɝɥɟɞɚ³ɢɬɜɪɞɢɨʁɟɞɚÄɤɚɤɨʁɟɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɨɞɦɢɰɚɥɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ɨɛɢɦɧɚɲɟ [ɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɟ] ɨɩɲɬɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɫɜɟɦɚʃɢɢɦɚʃɢ³ ȼɢɞɢ UN Doc. S/PV.1348 (June 6, 1967), paras. 148, 155 ɋɬɨɝɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɫɜʁɟɫɬɚɧ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚʄɟɪɚɬɛɢɬɢɧɟɢɡɛʁɟɠɚɧɭɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɨɦɦɨɦɟɧɬɭɭɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɄɚɨɨɫɧɨɜɡɚɨɜɚɤɚɜ ɫɬɚɜ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɡɚɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ Ɍɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɝ ɦɨɪɟɭɡɚ  ɦɚʁɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɇɚɫɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ Äɱɢɧ ɪɚɬɚ³ ȼɢɞɢ ibid., para. 175. ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ UN Yearbook, The situation in the Middle-East. 496 UN Doc. S/PV.1348 (6 ʁɭɧɢ, 1967), para 161. 497 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ȳɨɪɚɦ Ⱦɢɧɲɬɚʁɧ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɭ ʁɭɧɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɭɞɚɪɚɧ ɫɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɦ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦ ɭɫɤɨ ɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɟ Äɩɪɟɫɪɟɬɚɱɤɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ³ Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defense (2001), ɫɬɪ. 173. 498 Ɇɟɪɢ Ɉɤɨɧɟɥ ʁɟ ɧɩɪ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɞɚ Äɫɚɞɚ ɡɧɚɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɧɟɭɜʁɟɪʂɢɜɢɯ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ³ O'Connell, M.E., “The Myth of Pre-emptive Self-Defense.”, ɫɬp. 9 Ɇɚʁɤɥ ȼɚɥɰɟɪ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɇɚɫɟɪ ɛɢɨ ɧɟɩɪɨɦɢɲʂɟɧ ɤɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɩɚɨ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ʁɟɪ ɛɢ Äɡɚɬɜɚɪɚʃɟ Ɍɢɪɚɧɫɤɨɝɦɨɪɟɭɡɚɢɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɟɝɢɩɚɬɫɤɟɜɨʁɫɤɟɧɚɝɪɚɧɢɰɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɜɟʄɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɩɨɛʁɟɞɭɛɟɡ ɪɚɬɚ³Walzer, M., Just and Unjust Wars (1992), ɫɬp. 83 ȳɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɛɢ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɚ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɞɧɨɲʂɢɜɚ ɡɚɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɟɬɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧ ɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɇɚɫɟɪ  ɦɚʁɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɡʁɚɜɢɨɞɚÄɧɚɲ>ɟɝɢɩɚɬɫɤɢ@ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɰɢʂɛɢʄɟɞɚɭɧɢɲɬɢɦɨɂɡɪɚɟɥ³ Shapira, A, The Six-Day War and the Right of Self-Defence, Israeli Law Review 6 (1971) ɫɬɪ 135 Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɦɨɠɟɦɨ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɟɛɚɬɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɫɬɟ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɞɚɂɡɪɚɟɥɧɢʁɟɩɨɤɭɲɚɨɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɚɫɭɫʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɢɦ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɢɱɥɚɧɤɚɨɩɪɚɜɧɢɨɫɧɨɜɚɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨɫɭɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢɞɚʁɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɚɤɚɞɚʁɟɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɦɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɚɧ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɦ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɭɜɟʄɢɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɟɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭɬɚɤɜɭɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɚɬɟɜɪɫɬɟɚɤɰɢʁɟ499 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɞ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ Ɉɡɥɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟʁɟɞɨɜɟɥɚɭɩɢɬɚʃɟɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɤɨʁɢɤɚɠɟɞɚ ɜʁɟɤɨɜɢɦɚʁɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚɥɨ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɟɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɬɪɩɟ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɚɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ ɨɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ 500 ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɞɟ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɩɚ ɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨʁɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɢ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢɦɨ ɧɚ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɟɬɜɪɞʃɟ Ɇɢ ɦɨɪɚɦɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɬɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɤɚɩɚɰɢɬɟɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ ɞɚɧɚɲʃɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɢɤɚɒɬɨ ʁɟ ɜɟʄɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɜɟʄɢʁɟɪɢɡɢɤɨɞɧɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ– ɚɪɚɡɥɨɡɢɡɚɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭɪɚɞɢɧɚɲɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɫɬɚʁɭɫɧɚɠɧɢʁɢɱɚɤɢɚɤɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬɨɤɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɢɦʁɟɫɬɚɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ501 ɉɨʁɚɦ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɚ ɧɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɭ ɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧ ʁɟ ɭ ɧɟɢɡɦʁɟʃɟɧɨɦ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɭ ɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ 499 ɌɚɤɨɧɩɪȽɚɡɢɧɢɧɟɫɭɞɢɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɧɚɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɢɧɚɱɢɧɧɟɝɨɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚɬɚɤɜɚɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚɨɧɞɚɤɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɚɢɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬ Gazzini, Changing Rules on Use of Force in International Law,, ɫɬɪ 500 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/15538.pdf, ɫɬɪ ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 501 Ibid. 136 ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɋȺȾ-ɚɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟ502 ɢɭɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɢ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɡ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ503 Ɍɚɤɨɡɜɚɧɚ Ȼɭɲɨɜɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ  ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ʁɟ ɧɨɜɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ504 Ɇɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɛɟɡ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʃɚ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɜɟɪɡɟ ɞɚ ɬɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ  ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ505 ɇɚʁɛɨʂɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɡɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɤɨ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɉɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɧɟɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɢɯɭɞɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɚɧɚɫɚɦɢɬɭɬɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɭɏɚɜɚɧɢ ɭɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟ506 ɍȾɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɢɢɡɏɚɜɚɧɟɲɟɮɨɜɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɬɨɬɢɧɭɢ ɜɢɲɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɉɨɤɪɟɬɚɧɟɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɢɯɫɭɫɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɚɥɢɧɚ ɉɪɨɬɢɜʂɟʃɟ ɢ ɨɫɭɞɭɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɢɦɨɪɭɠʁɟɦɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɲɬɨʁɟɭɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɫɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɩɪɚɜɨɦɢɧɚɞɚʂɟ ɫɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɟɢɨɫɭɻɭʁɭɫɜɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɜɨʁɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟɢɥɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɫɜɪɫɬɚɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɚ ɤɨʁɢ 502 The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2005, www.defenselink.mil/news/Apr2005/d20050408strategy.pdf, ɫɬɪ-ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 503Ɍhe National Security Strategy of the United States of America, March 2006, http://www.iwar.org.uk/military/resources/nss-2006/nss2006.pdf, ɫɬɪɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɚɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɟɨɛɪɚɡɥɚɠɟɫɬɚɜɨɜɟɨɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨʁɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɢɡɢɫɬɨɝɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɇɚɫɬɪɚɧɢɧɚɜɨɞɢɫɟ ɭɥɨɝɚɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɝɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɭɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɢɧɚɲɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɫɬɚʁɟɢɫɬɚ' 504 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɚɭɬɨɪɢɫɭɫɬɚɜɨɜɟɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟɤɨʁɢɫɟɧɚɥɚɡɟɭɋɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɢɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɚɡɜɚɥɢɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢɦɢɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɢɦ C Gray, ‘The US National Security Strategy and the New ‘Bush Doctrine’ on Pre-emptive Self-Defence’, 2002, 1 Chinese Journal of International Law ɫɬɪɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɚɭɬɨɪɢɤɨʁɢɬɜɪɞɟɞɚɨɜɚʁɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɧɢʁɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɧɨɜ*D]]LQL Changing Rules on Use of Force in International Law, ɫɬɪ 505 ɍɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɚɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɨɝɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭ ɜɢɞɢɧɩɪ*D]]LQLop.cit, ɫɬɪ1 Shah, 'Self-Defence, Anticipatory Self-Defence and Pre-emption: International Law's Response to Terrorism' 2007, 12 Journal of Conflict and Security Law ɫɬɪ-ɢ*UHHQZRRG ,QWHUQDWLonal Law and the Pre-emptive Use of Force: Afghanistan, Al-Qaida, and Iraq' 2003, 4 San Diego International Law Journal  ɫɬɪ -ɉɪɟɦɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ  ɫɭ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɥɢ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɂɪɚɱɤɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ  ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɱɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɡɚ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ  ȼɢɞɢ - ɨɞ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ@  ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɢ ɨɞɜɪɚɬɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɧɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ  81 'RF S/2001/946). 528 Ȼɚɪɟɦɫɭɞɟʄɢɩɪɟɦɚɫɬɚɜɨɜɢɦɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɟɫɭɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɟɚɤɰɢʁɭȼɢɞɢsupra 411. 529ɒɬɨɧɢʁɟɛɢɨɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɎɨɤɥɚɧɫɤɨɦɪɚɬɭɩɚɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ Ɍɪɚʁɧɚɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɚɢɤɚɨ ɜɢɞɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚȼɢɞɢ0\MHUDQG:KLWHsupra 411, ɫɬɪ 530 ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɥɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɚɥɢɛɚɧɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɭ Ⱥɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɢ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɢ Washington Post, 19.09.2001, ɫɬɪA1 ɢ Washington Post, 22.09.2001, ɫɬɪA1 142 ɦɨɪɚɥɧɨɝ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɠɟʂɧɢʁɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɚ ɨɞ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ , ɚɤɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɜɨ ɩɨɤɭɲɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɝɨɜɚɪɚ ɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢ ɞɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɛʁɟɝɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɭɫɩʁɟɥɢɯɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢɡɚɫɬɨʁɧɟʄɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɥɚɭɫɥɨɜ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɩɨɪ ɪɢʁɟɲɢ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɦɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚɫɢɝɭɪɧɨʁɟɞɚɫɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚɧɚɫɬɨʁɢɞɚ ɢɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɨɜɟ ɚɥɬɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɩɭɬɟɜɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɪɢɜɢɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɝ ɝɭɛʂɟʃɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɫɢɥɭ531 Ⱦɚɤɥɟɦɨɠɟɦɨɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢɞɚɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɫɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɚɞɚɧɟɦɨɪɚɧɭɠɧɨɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɚɧɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ532 Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɨɨɤɜɢɪɭɪɚɡɭɦɧɨɝɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɝɨɤɜɢɪɚɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɭɨɛɡɢɪɫɜɟɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɨɝ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɩɪɢɤɭɩʂɚʃɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɚ ɤɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɨɦ ɦɨɛɢɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɤɨʁɟɩɪɨɬɢɱɟɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɢɬɨɦɟɫɥɢɱɧɨ. ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɢɞɟʁɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɚɥɧɨɩɨɫɥɢʁɟɧɚɩɚɞɚɚɭɜɟɡɢɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɢʁɟɥɨɝɢɱɧɚɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɦɨɞɟɪɧɨɝ ɫɜɢʁɟɬɚ533 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨ ɧɨɜɢʁɟɝ ɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟɫɭɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɟɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɟɧɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚɨɞɞɚɬɭɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɭɦʂɟɧɨ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟ534 ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɦɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɫɭ ɪɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɚ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚ  ɜɢʁɟɤɚ Ɂɛɨɝ ɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɬɤɪɢʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɤɭɩɟ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɨɬɟɲɤɨʄɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ ɞɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ 531 Dinstein Implementing Limitations on the USe of Force, ɫɬɪ 532 Ibid. id. 533 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ *0 7UDYDOLR 7HUURULVP ,QWHUQDWLRQDO /DZ DQG WKH 8VH RI 0LOLWDU\ )RUFH    Wisconsin International Law Journal ɫɬɪ-66. 534 ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɩɪɟɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɨɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɨɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪɚ Ɉɡɢɪɚɤ 81 'RF 6 39 ɫɬɪ - ɋɥɢɱɚɧ ɫɬɚɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɏɢɝɢɧɫ ɭ ɟɪɢ ɧɢɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɡɞɪɚɜ ɪɚɡɭɦ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɧɟʁɚɫɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚ ɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɧɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɩɚɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɫɭɞɛɢɧɭ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɰɢɞɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢ +LJJLQVProblems and Processɫɬɪȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟ%RZHWWop.cit., ɫɬɪ-2. 143 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ Ɉɜɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ ɢɞɭ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɭɝɟɪɢɲɟ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ  ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ535 ɋɢɝɭɪɧɨ ʁɟɞɚɩɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚɬɚɤɜɟɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ ʁɟɪɞɪɠɚɜɟɢɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɞɚɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɡɚɧɟɤɨɦɜɪɫɬɨɦɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟɜɟɡɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚ Ɇɨɝɥɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɞɭɲɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɨɫɬɚɥɚ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɢʁɚ Ɉɞ ɩɨʁɚɜɟ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɧɢɜɨ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɥɨɝɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɜɚ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ  ʁɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨɭɜɟʄɚɧɚ ɨɞ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ001. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɨɦ Ɍɚɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɪɢʁɟɻɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɝɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɂɩɚɤɧɢʁɟɬɚɱɧɚɬɜɪɞʃɚ ɞɚɫɭɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɢɲɱɟɡɥɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ Ɇɋɉ ɭ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɨ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɞɚ ɨɞɝɚɻɚʃɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɦɨɠɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɟ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨɞɚɩɪɨɬɟɤɧɟɞɚɛɢɬɨɛɢɨɫɥɭɱɚʁɬɟɲɤɨʁɟɢɡɪɚɡɢɬɢɭ ɦʁɟɪɧɢɦ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɛɢɛɢɥɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɟɧɚɫɜɚɤɢɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɑɢɧɢ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ Ɇɋɉ-ɚ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ opinion juris ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɫɨɬɢɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭɩɪɚɤɫɭɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɋɭɞ ʁɟɛɢɨɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢɤɨɧɡɢɫɬɟɧɬɚɧɭɩɨɝɟɥɞɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɧɭɠɧɚɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚɤɚɞɚʁɟɩɨɧɭɞɢɨ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɡɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁ ɢ ɨɛɢɦ ɨɜɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɢ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢ ɫɭ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢ ɜʁɟɪɚɧ ɨɞɪɚɡ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɬɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ 535 MB Occelli, ‘Sinking the Caroline: Why the Carolince Doctrine’s Restrictions on Self-Defence Should not be Regarded as Customary International Law’ 2003, 4 San Diego International Law JOurnal 467, ɫɬɪ 483-88. 144 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɫɭ ɛɢɥɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɧɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɤɚɨ ɫɬɜɚɪɢ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ 536 ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɡɚɤʂɭɱɰɢɋɭɞɚɢɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɧɢ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɜɟɝɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɩɚɫɭɫɭ537 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ  ɋɭɞ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɨɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɚɪɚɞɢɫɟɨɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɝɞʁɟɫɭɨɛɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɜɪɞɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ.538 Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɪɟɞɢ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɞɟɬɚʂɚɧ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɞɪɠɚɜɚɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɦɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɫɚɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚɆɋɉ-ɚ ɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚʃɟɨɜɢɯɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɭɞɚɛɢɥɨɫɭɜɢɲɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭ ɨɧɨɦɟɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɪɟɤɚɨ ɨ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɝɨɭɨɧɨɦɟɲɬɚɧɢʁɟɪɟɤɚɨ539 ɍ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɭɦɭ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ Ɍɚɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɨɫɬ ɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɞɨɜɨʂɧɚɞɚɫɟɨɛʁɚɫɧɢɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ Ɇɋɉ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɟɬɚʂɧɨ ɛɚɜɢɨ ɨɜɢɦ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɦɚ ɋɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɬɟɠɚɜɚ ɋɭɞɭ ɡɚɞɚɬɚɤ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɨɛʁɟɤɬɢɜɧɢ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɨɜɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɜɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɢɦɚʁɭɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɭɫɚɞɪɠɢɧɭɚɨɛɡɢɪɨɦɧɚɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɫɧɨɫɬɢɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɟ ʃɢɯɨɜɨɝ ɫɚɞɪɠɚʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɋɭɞ ɞɨɩɪɢɧɟɫɟʃɢɯɨɜɨɦɛɨʂɟɦɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚʃɭ ɉɨɪɟɞɬɨɝɚɬɪɟɛɚɫɟɩɪɢɫʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɭɫɜɚɬɪɢɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɤɨʁɚɫɟɬɢɱɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɋɭɞɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɫɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɢʁɟɞɟɫɢɨɉɨɲɬɨʁɟɋɭɞ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚʁɟɬɨɭɫɥɨɜsine qua non ɡɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɫɨɬɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɢɨɞɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟʄɟɝɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɡɚɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɭɫɜɚɤɨɦ 536 Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬɪɂɚɤɨȽɪɟʁɢɡɜɨɞɢɨɜɚɤɚɜɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɫɚɦɨɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɨɧ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɜʁɟɪɨɞɨɫɬɨʁɚɧ ɧɚ ɫɜɟ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɟ ɋɭɞɚ ȳɟɞɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɱɚʁ ɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɝɞʁɟʁɟɆɋɉɧɚɝɥɚɫɢɨɡɧɚɱɚʁɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɢɞɢ Nuclear Weapons advisory opinion, paras 38 ɢ  ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ - *DUGDP 1HFHVVLW\ DQG Proportionality in Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello' in L Boisson de Charzournes and P Sands (eds), International Law, the International Court of Justice and Nuclear Weapons, Cambridge, Cambridge 8QLYHUVLW\3UHVVɫɬɪ 537 Nicaragua meritsɪɚra 237. 538 ɊɚɞɢɤɪɚɬɤɨɝɨɫɜɪɬɚɋɭɞɚɧɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟɜɢɞɢDRC v Uganda meritsSDUDVɢ 539 SM Young, ‘Destruction of Property (on an International Scale): The Recent Oil Platforms Case and the International Court of Justice’s Inconsistent Commentary on the Use of Force by the United States’ 2004- 05, 30 North Carolina Journal of International Law and Commercial Regulation 355, ɫɬɪ-75. 145 ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɦɚʁɭʄɢ ɭ ɜɢɞɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɻɟʃɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢɋɭɞʁɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ >ɉ@ɨɲɬɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɡɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɢ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɫɥɭɱɚʁɚɤɨʁɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɧɚɦɚɋɭɞɧɟɧɚɥɚɡɢɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɞɚ ɢɫɩɢɬɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɟɧɨ ɭ ɨɤɨɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɤɨʁɢʁɟɛɢɨɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧ540 Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɦɚɪɝɢɧɚɥɚɧ ɬɪɟɬɦɚɧ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɭɞɚɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɜɢɻɟɧɤɚɨɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɚɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɭɰʁɟɥɢɧɢ ɭ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ541 ɡɧɚɱɢɥɚʁɟɞɚʁɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɢɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɚɡɚɫɩɨɪɩɪɟɞ ɋɭɞɨɦ Ɍɚɤɨ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ Ɇɋɉ ɧɢʁɟ ɭ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɨʁ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɟɥɚɛɨɪɢɫɚɨ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɠɟɩɨɬɢɰɚɬɢɢɡɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɚɨ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ 540 DRC v Uganda merits, para 147. 541 Ȼɢɥɨɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨɧɢɫɭɢɫɩɭʃɟɧɢɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɭɞɚɡɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɚɨɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɢɥɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɚɜɧɢʁɟɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨɩɪɟɦɚɢɡɜɟɞɟɧɢɦɞɨɤɚɡɢɦɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨɞɚ ʁɟɨɩɬɭɠɟɧɚɫɬɪɚɧɚɡɚɢɫɬɚɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɚɧɚɩɚɞɤɚɤɨɬɨɬɜɪɞɢɬɭɠɢɬɟʂɤɚɨɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɢ Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ  146 ɍɫɥɨɜɢɡɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ Ʉɚɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɪɚɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭɤɚɡɚɨ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ  ʁɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ  ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɚɤɨ ɧɚ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɬɚɤɨɢɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɌɚɤɨɻɟɢɫɜɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɨɜɨɝɩɨʁɦɚɭ ɬɟɤɫɬɭɤɨʁɢɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɫɟɦɨɠɟʁɟɞɧɤɚɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɢɢɧɚɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɭɢɤɨɥɟɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɂɩɚɤ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  Ɇɋɉ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɫɢɥɭɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢɫɟɧɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ɱɢʁɟ ɢɦɟ ɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɟ ɇɢʁɟ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɧɟɝɨʁɟɭɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɫɬɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɞɚɥɢʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɚ  ɛɢɥɚ ɠɪɬɜɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ Ɇɋɉ ʁɟ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɢɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɫɚɦɨɞɚɦɨɪɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɬɢɧɟɝɨɢ ɨɛʁɚɜɢɬɢɞɚʁɟɛɢɥɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ 542 ɋɭɞʁɟɭ ɬɨɦɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɧɚɜɟɨ ɇɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɟ ɩɪɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɬɪɟɛɚɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢɞɚʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɱɢʁɭɤɨɪɫɢɬ ɫɟɨɜɨɩɪɚɜɨɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚɞɚʁɟɛɢɥɚɠɪɬɜɨɦɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ543 ɇɟɫɚɦɨɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɨɛʁɚɜɢɞɚʁɟɫɬɟɢɥɢʁɟɛɢɥɚɠɪɬɜɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ʁɚɫɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɞ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɦɨɪɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬ ɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɬɢɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɨɛʁɚɜɟɞɚʁɟɠɪɬɜɚɩɪɟɬɪɩʁɟɥɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɍɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɋɭɞʁɟɦɢɲʂɟʃɚɞɚɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭɛɢɥɨɭɨɧɨɦɨɩɲɬɟɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɢɥɢɨɧɨɦɤɨʁɟɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɢɧɬɟɪ-ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɚɫɟɛɟɫɦɚɬɪɚɠɪɬɜɨɦɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɋɭɞɡɚɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ 542 Nicaragua meritɾ, para 195 543 Ibid .id. 147 ɞɚ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɡɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟɠɪɬɜɚɧɚɜɨɞɧɨɝɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɚɞɚ ʁɟɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚɞɚʁɟɛɢɥɚɠɪɬɜɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ544 ɍɩɪɤɨɫɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɢɦɬɜɪɞʃɚɦɚ545 ɝɨɪɟɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɢɫɬɚɜɨɜɢɧɚɨɜɨɞɟɧɚɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɞɚɋɭɞ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɢʁɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɬɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɦ Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɦɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ  ɝɞʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚɜɨɞɟʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɚɫɢɥɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ 546 Ɉɧɨɲɬɨɧɢʁɟʁɚɫɧɨɢɡ ɰɢɬɢɪɚɧɨɝɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɚɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɦɨɪɚ ɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɬɢ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ  ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɞɚɡɢɜɚʁɭɧɚɬɚʁɩɨɡɢɜɢɥɢ ʁɟɞɨɜɨʂɚɧɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɚɧɩɨɡɢɜɭɩɨɦɨʄɑɢɧɢɫɟɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɪɚɧɢʁɢɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɢɫɬɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɧɭɞɢɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟɧɚɡɧɚɤɟɩɨɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɄɚɞɚʁɟɩɨɩɪɜɢ ɩɭɬɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨɩɢɬɚʃɟɩɨɡɢɜɚɭɩɨɦɨʄɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɋɭɞʁɟɧɚɜɟɨ Ɉɫɬɚʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɬɪɟʄɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɡɚɪɚɱɭɧ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɨɞɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɩɨɫɥɚɧɨɝɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɬɪɟʄɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɢ547 ɂɡɨɜɚɤɜɟɮɨɩɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɞɚ ʁɟɋɭɞɡɚɭɡɟɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɞɚɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɡɚɩɨɦɨʄ ɦɨɪɚɛɢɬɢɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɤɚɞɪɠɚɜɢɤɨʁɚɭɩɪɚɤɫɢɩɪɭɠɚɩɨɦɨʄɁɚɯɬʁɟɜɢɜɟɡɚɧɢɡɚɨɛʁɚɜɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɫɥɚʃɟɩɨɡɢɜɚɡɚɩɨɦɨʄɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭʄɟ ɮɚɤɬɨɪɟ ɡɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɍ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɫɭɞɢʁɚȹɟɧɢɧɝɫ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɢɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɦʁɟɪɚ ɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɯɜɚɥɧɚ ɧɟɪɟɚɥɧɨ ʁɟ ɨɱɟɤɢɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɭɱɢɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɭɨɛʁɚɜɭɢɭɩɭɬɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɢɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɡɚɩɨɦɨʄɋɭɞɢʁɚȹɟɧɢɧɝɫ ɜɢɞɢ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜ ɡɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɨɦ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɨɦ ɭ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɤɚɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ548 544Ibid, para 199, 165. 545 Gray, International Law and Use of Force, ɫɬɪ 546 Congo v Uganda merits, para 128 547 Nicaragua merits, para 196. 548 Ibid, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟȹɟɧɢɧɝɫpara 545. ɂɫɬɢɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɧɚɜɟɨ ʁɟɢ ɫɭɞɢʁɚɒɜɟɛɟɥɭ ɫɜɨɦɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭpara 191. 148 ɇɚɞɚʂɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨʁɟɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɢɬɢɤɚɤɜɟɫɭɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɚɞɚɫɟɢɫɩɭɧɟ ɨɜɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɜɢ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢ ɧɟɲɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɧɚɡɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɢɦ ɤɨɞ ɨɰʁɟɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɢɫɩɚɥɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɨɛʁɚɜɟɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɢɥɢɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɡɚɩɨɦɨʄɨɞɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ȳɟɡɢɤɤɨʁɢ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɋɭɞɭʁɟɞɧɨʁɩɪɢɥɢɰɢɧɚɜɨɞɢɧɚɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɞɚɫɭɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɨɛʁɚɜɟɧɚɩɚɞɚɢ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɢɬɟɤɚɤɨ ɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɬɨ ɧɚ ɫʂɟɞɟʄɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɩɨɪɟɞ ɭɫɥɨɜɚɞɚʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚʁɟɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɚɜɨɞɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɬɨɨɛʁɚɜɢɥɚɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨʁɟ ɞɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɡɚɬɪɚɠɢɩɨɦɨʄ 549 ɇɚɫɥɢɱɚɧɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɭɞɢʁɚɊɭɞɚɬɭɦɚɱɢɨɜɟɭɫɥɨɜɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɦɡɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ550 ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɦɚɥɨ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɜɢɞɢɨ ɨɜɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ NDR ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧH ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɨɜɢ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɦɨ  ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢ ɤɨɞ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ551 Ȼɚɪɟɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɨ ɨ ɭɫɥɨɜɭ ɨɛʁɚɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɡɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʄɢ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟɭɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɟɦɧɚɜɨɞɭɩɪɟɫɭɞɟɋɭɞɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɨɱɟɤɭʁɟɫɟ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɭ ɱɢʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɨɜɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɠɪɬɜɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ 552 ȳɚɫɧɨʁɟɞɚɤɥɟɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɭɤɚɡɚɨɧɚɬɨɞɚɨɜɢɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɧɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɫɚ ɩɨɩɬɭɩɧɨɦ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɲʄɭ ʁɟ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɨɛʁɚɜɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɧɨ ɨɞɫɭɫɬɜɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɢɯɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ 549 Nicaragua merits, para 199 550 Ibid, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɫɭɞɢʁɟ Ɋɭɞɚ, para 175. ɇɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ Ɋɭɞɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɚ ɨ ɨɜɢɦ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɢɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɛɢɥɚ ɫɭɜɢɲɧɚʁɟɪʁɟɋɭɞɜɟʄɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨɞɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪ 551 DW Greig, ‘Self-Defence and the Security Council: What Does Article 51 Require?’ 1991, 40 International and Comparative Lɚw Quarterly ɫɬɪ-78. 552 Nicaragua merits, para 195 149 ɉɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ Ɉɛɡɢɪɨɦɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɫɬɚɜɢɨɧɚɝɥɚɫɚɤɧɚɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɩɨʁɦɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢɞɚɝɚʁɟ ɧɚɞɚʂɟɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɨɭɫɦɢɫɥɭɞɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɟɲɬɨɜɢɲɟɨɞ ɨɛɢɱɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ  ɧɚɩɪɜɢɩɨɝɥɟɞɫɟɱɢɧɢɞɚɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɧɟɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɤɨʁɚ ʁɟɢɫɩɨɞɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢɥɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚɧɚ ɦɚʃɟɬɟɲɤɟ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɌɨɡɧɚɱɢɞɚɛɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɝɥɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɦɚʃɟɨɡɛɢʂɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɫɚɦɨɦʁɟɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɧɢɫɭɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɂɩɚɤ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɢ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɭɩɭʄɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɢɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɍɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮɭɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɟɩɪɟɫɭɞɟ ɋɭɞ ʁɟɧɚɜɟɨɞɚɭɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ 553 Ɇɨɪɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɞɚɋɭɞɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɪɢɱɢɬɨɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɨɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɦɨɝɭ ɢɦɚɬɢɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɂɚɤɨɫɟɋɭɞɩɨɡɢɜɚɨɧɚɩɨʁɚɦɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɧɚ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢ ɧɢ ɧɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɦ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ Ȼɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɍ ɫɜɚɤɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɫɭɞɢʁɚ ɋɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɧɚ ɨɜɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧɬɭɦɚɱɢɨɩɪɟɫɭɞɭɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɫɜɨɦɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɦɢɲʂɟʃɭɧɚɨɞɥɭɤɭɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɢɡ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɨɞ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ ɋɭɞ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɬɢ ɨɛɢɱɧɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ 554 ɋɭɞɢʁɚɋɢɦɚʁɟɡɚɭɡɟɨɨɜɚɤɚɜɫɬɚɜɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨɛɢɦɢɪɨʂɭɛɢɜɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɭɜɟʄɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚɛɢɨɛɟɫɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɭɤɨʁɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢʁɟɪʁɨʁ ɧɟɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɞɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɫɢɥɨɦɇɚɞɚʂɟɫɬɚɜɋɭɞɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ  ɚɧɚɥɨɝɧɟ  ɩɪɚɜɭ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ555 ɫɥɭɠɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɞɚɋɭɞɫɦɚɬɪɚɞɚɨɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ ɂɚɤɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɬɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɚɭɬɨɪɢɤɨʁɢɢɦɚʁɭɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ȳɨɪɚɦ Ⱦɢɧɲɬɚʁɧ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ ɨ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɋɭɞ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɬɢɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ– ɛɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚɚɧɚɥɨɝɢʁɭɫɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɨɦ– ɚɤɨɧɟ 553 Ibid, para 249 554 OIl platforms case, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɋɢɦɚpara 12. 555 Nicaragua merits, ɩɚɪɚ 150 ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɱɢɧ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ 556 ɉɨʁɚɦ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɧɢɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɟɥɟɜɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɦɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɚɭɬɨɪɢɫɭɧɚɜɟɥɢɞɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɞɚ ɋɭɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɤɚɨɞɨɤɚɡɞɚɋɭɞɧɟɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚɬɚɤɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɤɚɨɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ557 ȶɭɬɚʃɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɢ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɭɡɟɬɢɤɚɨɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟɢɞɟʁɟɨɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɨɫɬɢɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɑɢʃɟɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɋɭɞ ɧɢʁɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɭɦʂɢɜɚ ʁɟɪ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɞɨɤɚɡɢɦɚɤɨʁɢ ɫɭɢɡɧɟɫɟɧɢɩɪɟɞɋɭɞ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɟɧɨ ʁɟɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɛɪɨɞɨɜɚSea Isle City ɢ USS Sameul B Roberts ɧɢɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɢ ɂɪɚɧɭ ɋɬɨɝɚ ɛɢ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɫɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ  ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ  ɛɢɥɨ ɛɟɫɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɨ ʁɟɪ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɂɪɚɧ ɡɚɢɫɬɚ ɧɚɩɚɨ ɨɜɟ ɛɪɨɞɨɜɟ ɍ ɫɜɨɦ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɫɭɞɢʁɚɋɢɦɚʁɟɢɡɪɚɡɢɨɧɟɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɫɬɜɨɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɨɦɞɚʁɟɋɭɞ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɨɰɢʁɟɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦɟʁɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ prima facie ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭɱɥɚɧɚ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ558 ɂɦɚʁɭʄɢɭɜɢɞɭɝɨɪɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɟɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɨɫɬɚʁɟʁɟɞɢɧɢɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟʂɤɨʁɢɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɬɭɜɪɫɬɭɚɤɰɢʁɚȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɚʁɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɢʁɟɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɫɬɚɜɚɋɭɞɚɩɨɨɜɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭʁɟɨɧɨɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦʁɟɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɋɭɞɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɫɚɞɨɡɨɦɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨɫɬɢɞɚÄɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ³ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ 559 ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɥɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɧɢɬɢɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɧɢɬɢɨɞɛɚɰɭʁɟɨɜɚɤɚɜɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ560 Ⱥɤɨ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɦɨ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɢɚɤɨ ɫɚɞɪɠɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɜɢɻɟʃɭ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɈɜɨɩɪɨɢɡɢɥɚɡɢɢɡɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɟɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚɭɬɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɱɢɧ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɂɩɚɤ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɛɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɥɚɞɚɱɢɧɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɤɨʁɢɧɟɞɨɫɟɠɟɧɢɜɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɧɩɪ 556 Dinstein, Y., War, Aggression and Self-Defenseɫɬp. 194. 557 Ochoa-Ruiz, Salamanca-Aguado, op.cit. ɫɬp. 509-10. 558 Oil platforms merits, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɋɢɦɚpara 12. 559 JL Hargrove, ‘The Nicaragua Judgement and the Future of the Law of Force and Self-Defence’ 1987, 81 American Journal of International Law, 135, ɫɬp.138. 560 Oil platforms merits, ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟɏɢɝɢɧɫ, para 43. 151 ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɟȺ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ȼ ɞɚʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɢȻɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɫɢɥɨɦ ɑɟɫɬɨɫɟɩɨʁɚɦɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɢɡʁɟɞɧɚɱɚɜɚɫɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɪɩɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ561 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭ ɨɞ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢ ɢɫɩɭʃɟʃɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɛɢɥɨɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɪɟɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɧɚɤɪɲɟʃɟɬɚɤɜɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɟ562 Ʉɚɨɬɚɤɜɟɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟɧɢɫɭɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɂɡ ɜɢɲɟ ɪɚɡɥɨɝɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɫɟɦɚɥɨ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɢɦɞɚ ʁɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɚɥɭɞɢɪɚɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɨɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɉɪɜɨɨɞɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɚɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɤɚɞɚɫɟɢɦɚɭɜɢɞɭɱɥɚɧ  ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ563 Ȼɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɧɟɞɨɫʂɟɞɧɨ ɨɞɋɭɞɚ ɤɚɨɨɪɝɚɧɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɞɚɩɨɬɜɪɞɢʃɢɯɨɜɭɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɦɚɤɚɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ Ⱦɪɭɝɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ564 D ɧɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɢ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚɈɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɤɨʁɢɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚɧɚɤɨɧɬɨɝɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɢ ɞɚʂɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɨɦ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɠɢɧɭ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨɝ 561 T Gazzini, The Changing Rules on The Use of Force in International Law, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2005, ɫɬp. 138-9. 562 J Combacau, ‘The Exception of Self-Defence in UN Practice’ in A Cassese (ed), The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff, 1986, 9, ɫɬp. 27-28. 563 ɇɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɭȾɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɢɨɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɯɨɞɧɨɫɚɢ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ  Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ Ƚɟɟɧɪɚɥɧɟ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɫɟɧɚɜɨɞɢ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟɢɦɚʁɭɨɛɚɜɟɡɭɞɚɫɟɭɡɞɪɠɟɨɞɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɚɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɤɨʁɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ  ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɢɯɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚȳɟɦɟɧɝɨɞɢɧɟɭɤɨʁɨʁɫɟɧɚɜɨɞɢɞɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟɧɢɫɭɭɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚɢɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚɍɇ-ɚ 6&5HV 564 RW Tucker, ‘Reprisals and Self-Defence: The Customary Law’ 1972, 66 American Journal of International Law 586, ɫɬp. 589- ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ȼɨɜɟɬ ɢɫɬɢɱɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭɚɥɧɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɭ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɨɜɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨɦɩɥɢɤɭʁɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɤɨʁɢɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɛɪɨʁɧɟɢɧɫɬɚɧɰɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɧɚɨɛɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɇɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɱɢɧɢɫɟɞɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɢɧɰɢɟɧɬɫɩɚɞɚɭɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟɚɦɨɠɟɫɟɢɡɧɢʁɟɬɢɬɜɪɞʃɚɞɚʁɟɱɢɧɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɦɟɭ ɨɛɡɢɪɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚBowett op.cit. ɫɬp. 2-ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ -$ Green, ‘Self-Defence: A State of Mind for States?’ 2008, 55 Netherlands International Law Review 181, ɫɬp. 188-201. 152 ɧɚɩɚɞɚ Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɬɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɪɟɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ565 ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɫɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɞɢʁɟɥɢɬɢ ɭ ɞɜɢʁɟɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟɢɬɨɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɢɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ566 Ʉɚɫɟɡɟʁɟɬɚɤɨɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɫɬɚɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɤɚɡɧɟɧɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢʁɚɫɧɭɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɭɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɭɫɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɭɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɭɧɚɛɥɚɠɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ 567 Ɉɜɚɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɧɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɭ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɭɫɩɨɦɢʃɟɆɋɉ568ɭɦʁɟɪɢɭɤɨʁɨʁɫɟɬɚʁɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɞɚɪɚɫɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɡɥɨɠɟʃɚɩɪɟɫɭɞɟȽɥɟɞɚɧɨɢɡɬɟɩɟɪɫɩɟɤɬɢɜɟɦɨɝɚɨɛɢɫɟɢɡɜɭʄɢɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɞɛɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɧɟɬɚɱɧɨ ʁɟɪ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ  ɢɦɚ ɤɨɧɨɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɨɞ ɨɧɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɨ ɩɨɞ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɧɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɥɚɠɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɋɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɪɟʄɢ ɡɚ ɋɭɞ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɤɚɡɧɟɧɢɯ ɜɨʁɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ ɢɥɢ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɟ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɄɚɞɚɫɟɤɚɠɟɞɚʁɟʁɟɞɧɚɜɪɫɬɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ 565 Ɋɟɬɪɢɛɭɬɢɜɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɧɟɬɪɟɛɚɦʁɟɪɢɬɢɩɪɟɦɚɢɥɭɡɨɪɧɨɦɩɨʁɦɭɧɚɦʁɟɪɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ  ɧɟɝɨɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɢɩɪɨɩɭɫɬɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɫɩɨɲɬɭʁɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢ ɫɪɚɡɦʁɟɪɧɨɫɬɢȼɢɞɢGreen, ibid. 566 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪA Cassese, International Law, 2nd edn, Oxford, Oxford University Press 2005, ɫɬp. 371-73; Bowett, op.cit. ɫɬp. 26-ɢ'LQVWHLQop.cit., ɫɬp. 221-31. 567 Cassese, ibid. ɫɬp. 372. 568 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɚɦ Ʉɚɫɟɡɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɨ ɭ ɜɟɡɭ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ  ɤɨʁɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɋɭɞ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ Ibid, ɫɬp. 371- Ʉɚɫɟɡɟ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɤɨʁɟɫɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɢɨɧɢɯɤɨʁɟɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧɟɤɚɨ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢȾɢɧɲɬɚʁɧɢȻɨɜɟɬɫɭɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɥɢɨɧɨɲɬɨɨɧɢɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢ ɬɢɩ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɂɩɚɤʃɢɯɨɜɟɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɭɫɭɢɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟɨɞɨɧɟɤɨʁɭʁɟɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɨɄɚɫɟɡɟɢɜɟɨɦɚɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟɦɟɻɭ ɫɨɛɨɦȾɢɧɲɬɚʁɧɫɦɚɬɪɚɞɚɨɧɨɲɬɨɨɧɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚɤɚɨ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɲɬɨ ɡɧɚɱɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɟɠɚɤ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɝɞʁɟɫɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚ ɭɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɢɦʁɟɫɬɨɤɨʁɟʁɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨɨɞɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɢɦʁɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɧɨɝ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  Dinstein, op.cit., ɫɬp. 221-31 Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɧɟɦɨɠɟɫɟɞɨɜɟɫɬɢɭɜɟɡɭɫɚɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɨɦɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟɫɩɨɦɢʃɟɋɭɞʁɟɪ ɫɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ  ɢɡɜɨɞɢ ɢɡ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɨɧɟ ɫɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɩɨɞ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɁɚȻɨɜɟɬɚɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɤɚɞɚɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚʁɭɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞ  ɪɚɡɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ  Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɨ ɩɨʁɚɫɧɢɨ ɢ ɩɨɡɢɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ– ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɫɚ ɩɨɞɪɭɱʁɚ Ȼɥɢɫɤɨɝ ɂɫɬɨɤɚ – ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɫɬɚɜ: Bowett, op.cit. ɫɬp. 26-32 Ʉɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɞ Ⱦɢɧɲɬɚʁɧɨɜɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɰɢʁɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɯ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ ɬɟɲɤɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɢ ɜɟɡɭ ɫɚ ɩɨʁɦɨɦ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɟɫɩɨɦɢʃɟɋɭɞɍɨɜɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɬɨ ʁɟɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɲɬɨȻɨɜɟɬɡɚɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɨɞɄɚɫɟɡɟɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɚɡɧɟɧɢɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɭ ɫɜɨɦɩɨʁɦɭ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɪɧɢɯ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɯɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɲɬɨʁɟʁɚɫɧɨɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɢɨɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɨɞȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟȼɢɞɢɊɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚȽɟɧHɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ S/Res/188/1964. 153 ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ ɨɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɬɟɧɰɢʁɚɥɧɨ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ʁɚɫɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɨ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɦɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɦɚɚɧɟɨ ɫɟɤɭɧɞɚɪɧɢɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦɪɟɪɩɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɦɚ ɍɫɜɚɤɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɤɨʁɚɝɨɞ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɨɥɨɝɢʁɚɞɚɫɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚɤɨɞɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɦɚʃɟ ɬɟɠɚɤ  ɧɚɩɚɞ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɟ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ɞɚ ɭɡɟɬɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɩɨɦɢʃɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɚɱɢɧɟ ɪɟɚɝɨɜɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɩɨɞɪɢɜɚ ɢɫɬɪɚʁɧɨɫɬ ɋɭɞɚ ɭ ɧɚɝɥɚɲɚɜɚʃɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɟ ɬɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɉɪɢɧɭɞɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɨ ʃɢɯɨɜɭ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ  ɫɟ ɱɢɧɟ ɞɨɫɬɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ʁɟɪ ɨɛɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ȳɟɞɢɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɢɚɤɰɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢʁɟɫɬɟɭɬɨɦɟɲɬɨɫɟɱɢɧ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɭʁɟɤɚɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɋɬɨɝɚɫɟɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚɩɢɬɚʃɟɞɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɋɭɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɧɚɥɚɡɢɭʁɟɞɧɨɦɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɭɤɨʁɢɧɢʁɟɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɩɪɟɰɢɡɧɨɨɞɪɟɻɟɧ Ɉɞɝɨɜɨɪɬɪɟɛɚɬɪɚɠɢɬɢɭɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɉɪɟɦɞɚɫɟɱɢɧɢɞɚʁɟɋɭɞɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɠɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢɛɢɥɨɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭʄɢɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɩɪɨɬɢɜʃɟɤɨʁɚʁɟɢɫɩɨɞɧɢɜɨɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɛɢɥɨɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭʄɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɋɭɞʁɟɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨɭɤɚɡɚɨɧɚ ɬɨɞɚɬɪɟʄɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɦɨɝɭɩɨɦɨʄɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɢɫɚɦɨɚɤɨʁɟɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɩɪɟɬɪɩʁɟɥɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɌɚɤɨɧɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɋɭɞɧɚɜɨɞɢ Ⱥɤɰɢʁɟɡɚɤɨʁɟʁɟɨɩɬɭɠɟɧɚɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚɱɚɤɢɩɨɞɩɪɟɬɩɨɫɬɚɜɤɨɦɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɬɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʁɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɚʁɟɛɢɥɚ ɠɪɬɜɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪ ɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ ɢɥɢ Ʉɨɫɬɚɪɢɤɚ Ɉɧɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɡɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɬɪɟʄɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɭ 154 ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɬɢɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭɤɨʁɚɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟ569 Ⱦɚɤɥɟɢɚɤɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɟɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚɨɬɨɦɟɞɚɥɢɫɭɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɢɯɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɢɤɚɨɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɭɞɚɱɢɧɢɫɟ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɫɦɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦ ɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɢɚɤɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɢɧɞɢɜɢɞɭɚɥɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬ ʁɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɦʁɟɪɟɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɟɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ 569 Nicaragua merits, paras 211, 249, 252. 155 ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɂɋɍȻȳȿɄɌɂȻȿɁȿɅȿɆȿɇȺɌȺȾɊɀȺȼɇɈɋɌɂ ɉɪɨɛɥɟɦɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚɩɢɬɚʃɚɭɨɤɜɢɪɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɇɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɟ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɟ ɡɚ ɪɚɫɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɑɥɚɧ    ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɨɞ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɫɢɥɨɦɢɥɢɨɞɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɤɨʁɚɛɢɛɢɥɚɭɩɟɪɟɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɧɚ ɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɧɚɱɢɧɛɢɥɚɭɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɫɚɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɍɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ  ɢ  ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ ɞɜɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɚ ɨɞ ɨɜɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɨɤɜɢɪɭ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɍ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɥɟɞɚʁɟɨɜɚɤɚɜɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɪɟɠɢɦɫɭɜɢɲɟɚɦɛɢɰɢɨɡɧɨɡɚɦɢɲʂɟɧɢɧɚɦʁɟɪɧɨ ɫɭ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɟ ɢɡɜɚɧ ʃɟɝɨɜɢɯ ɨɤɜɢɪɚ Ɍɨ ɫɭ ɢɩɚɤ ɪɢʁɟɬɤɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɢ ɭ ɜɟɥɢɤɨʁ ɜɟʄɢɧɢ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢ ɨɤɨ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɨɞɪɚɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɉɨɜɟʂɨɦ ɋɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɦɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ ɢɡɦʁɟɧɢɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɢɡ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɚɥɢ ɢɯ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɢɤɨɜɚɥɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ570 ɋɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚ ɬɚɤɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɚɥɨ ʁɚɫɧɟ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɨɞɜɟɥɨ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɟ ɚɞɚɩɬɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɚɧɨɪɦɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɭɫɜʁɟɬɥɭɧɨɜɢɯɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɟɪɰɟɩɰɢʁɚ Ɋɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɱɢɬɚʃɟɭɫɥɨɜɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ Ⱦɨɤɪɚʁɚ-ɢɯɝɨɞɢɧɚɜɢʁɟɤɚɜɥɚɞɚɨʁɟɲɢɪɨɤɢɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫɞɚʁɟɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɚ ɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɚɤɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɛɢɥɚprima facie ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ571 Ʉɚɨɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɚ ɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ 570 A Cassese, ‘Return to Westphalia?,’ In A Cassese (ed.), The Current Legal Regulation of the Use of Force, 1986, ɫɬɪ 571 Lachs, ‘General Course on Public International Law’ 169 Recueil des Cours (1980-IV) ɫɬɪ 156 ɤɨʁɢɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɫɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɟɢɡɛʁɟɠɧɨʁɟɤɪɲɢɥɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ572 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɢ ɫɭɧɚ ɬɨɦɟɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɚɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɛɢɥɚɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦ  573 Ɍɚɤɚɜɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɤɨʁɢɫɟɧɩɪɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟɭɚɧɬɢ-ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ 574 ʁɟɢɩɚɤɛɢɥɨɬɟɲɤɨɞɨɜɟɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞ ɫɚ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɢ ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɨɦ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɩɨɜɪɲɧɨ ɱɢɬɚʃɟʁɟɛɢɥɨɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɞɚɫɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɞɚɫɟɢɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɢɫɭɧɚɛɢɥɨɤɨʁɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɧɚɱɢɧɭɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɫɚɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ ɚ travaux préparatoires ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɬɨ ɞɚ ɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɨ ɭɜɪɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɬɟɤɫɬɚ ɤɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɦɢʃɚʃɟ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɢ  ɢɥɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɢʁɟɭɪɚɻɟɧɨɫɰɢʂɟɦɞɚɫɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɨɛɢɦɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ575 ɉɨɬɨɦɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ʁɟ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ɇɋɉ-ɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ Ʉɪɮɫɤɢɤɚɧɚɥ ɢɨɞɬɚɞɚʁɟɡɚɭɜʁɟɤɧɚɩɭɲɬɟɧɨɋɭɞʁɟɭɩɪɟɫɭɞɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɨɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɤɪɭɬɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɢɡɉɨɜɟʂɟɢɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɂɡɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɫɥɢʁɟɞɢ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɟɧɚɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧe ɫɢɥɭ ɧɚ ɟɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɨɦ ɩɥɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɤɚɨ ɞɢɨ ɚɧɬɢ- ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟɤɚɦɩɚʃɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭɧɚʄɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟɡɚɫɜɨʁɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɚɭɱɥɚɧɭ   ɧɚɥɚɠɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɞɚɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚʁɭɫɢɥɭ ɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɉɨʁɚɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯɨɞɧɨɫɚɫɟɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɬɭɦɚɱɢɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚɨɞɧɨɫɟɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɢʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɢɥɢɞɪɭɝɢɦɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɟɨɞɧɨɫɟɇɚɨɩɪɟɡɚɧɧɚɱɢɧɨɜɚʁ ɬɟɪɦɢɧɫɟɩɪɨɲɢɪɭʁɟɢɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɭɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɫʁɟɞɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ de facto ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɨɫɥɨɛɨɻɟʃɟ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɢɡ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɬɩɚɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɩɨʁɚɦ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɭɡɚɛɪɚɧɭɢɡɱɥɚɧɚ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɋɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟ ɫɥɭɠɢɥɚ ɤɚɨɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢɩɪɚɜɧɢɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ 572 Schachter, ‘The Lawful Use of Force by a State against Terrorists in another Country’, 19 Israel Yrbk on Human Rights, 1989, 209, ɫɬɪ 213–214. 573 Bowett, op.cit., ɫɬɪ*D]]LQLop.cit., ɫɬɪ-26. 574 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪKühn, ‘Terrorism and the Right of Self-Defence‘, 6 S. African Yearbook of International Law, 1980, ɫɬɪ42. 575 C Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬɪ-33. 157 ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ.576 ȵɢɯɨɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɢɲɭʄɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɧɚɧɚʁɲɢɪɢɦɨɝɭʄɢɧɚɱɢɧɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɟɞɚɢɦɚʁɭɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɢɤɚɞɚɨɧɢɧɟɩɨɬɢɱɭɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ. ɂɚɤɨɫɭɬɚɤɜɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ ɢɡɧɨɲɟɧɟ ɭ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɧɢɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɚɢɲɥɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɍ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɤɪɚʁɚ -ɢɯ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ  ɜɢʁɟɤɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɜɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɬɜɪɞʃɟ ɧɚ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɢɱɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ577 ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɧɚ ɫʁɟɞɢɲɬɟ ɩɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɨɝ ɉɅɈ-ɚ ɭ ɩɪɟɞɝɪɚɻɭɌɭɧɢɫɚʁɟɛɢɨ ɧɚʁɨɲɬɪɢʁɟ ɨɫɭɻɟɧ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨʁɢʁɟ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɨ ɱɢɧɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɢ ɮɥɚɝɪɚɧɬɧɢɦ ɤɪɲɟʃɟɦ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ  ɢ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɡɜɚɨ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɭ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɨɞɜɪɚɬɢɥɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ ɢ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɢɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɬɟɬɫɜɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ 578 ɋɥɢɱɧɨɬɨɦɟɧɚɩɚɞɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɭ Ʌɢɛɢʁɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɚɤɨ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɨ ɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɯ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧ ɭ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨʁ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɢ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ 579 ɍɩɚɞɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɧɚɢɲɚɨʁɟɧɚɨɲɬɪɟɤɪɢɬɢɤɟɢɨɬɩɨɪɞɪɭɝɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ580 Ⱦɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟɭɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɍ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɛɢɥɚ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɫɨɬɢɚɥɢɫɚɦɨɩɨɞɭɫɤɨɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɢɦɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ581 Ⱦɚɛɢɫɟɧɚɩɚɞ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɨ ɤɚɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ  ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɦɨɪɚɥɨ ʁɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɟ ɝɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɪɨɝɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɢɦɚɩɪɢɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢɌɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɭɨɛɥɢɱɢɨʁɟɆɋɉɭɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɢɡ 576 ȼɢɞɢ ibid., ɫɬɪ - ɪɚɞɢ ɫɚɠɟɬɨɝ ɩɪɢɤɚɡɚ ɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɭ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɢ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɉɨɪɬɭɝɚɥɢɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ 577 Gazzini, op.cit., ɫɬɪ 578 S/Res/573/1985. 579 GA Res. 41/38. 580 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪS/Res/527/1982, S/Res/546/ɢS/Res/568/1985. 581 Bruha and Tams, ‘Self-Defence Against Terrorist Attacks. Considerations in the Light of the ICJ's Israeli Wall Opinion’, in K. Dicke et al. (eds.), Weltinnenrecht. Liber Amicorum Jost Delbrück (2005), ɫɬɪ92. 158 ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɭɞɢʁɟɥɭɤɨʁɢɫɟɬɢɰɚɨɨɞɧɨɫɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɱɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɚɥɢ ʁɟ ɬɚ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɥɚ ɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩ ɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɚ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ582 ɍ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨʁ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɞɚ jus ad bellum ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɟɧ ɫɥɚʃɟɦ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɡɚ ɪɚɱɭɧ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɛɚɧɞɢ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɫɤɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɪɲɟ ɚɤɬɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɂɩɚɤɞɚɛɢɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɨɝɥɨɛɢɬɢɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɨɞɪɠɚɜɢɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɜɪɲɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɢɥɢ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ  ɚ ɫɚɦɚ ɥɨɝɢɫɬɢɱɤɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɬɚ ɜɟɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ Ʉɚɨ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚ ɨɜɚɤɜɨɝ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɫɚɦɨɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɧɚɩɚɞɢɤɨʁɢɫɟɨɞɜɢʁɚʁɭɩɨɞɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɦɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɨɦ ɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚʁɭɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɥɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɢ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ  ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɚɫɚɦɨɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɬɟɲɤɟɩɨɜɪɟɞɟɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ Ʉɚɨɢɤɨɞɩɢɬɚʃɚɩɪɢɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɞɟɮɢɧɢɫɚɧɩɪɚɝɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɧɢʁɟ ɥɚɤɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɢɭɩɪɚɤɫɢɢɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɢɨɫɬɚʁɭɧɟɪɚɡʁɚɲʃɟɧɢɍɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭ ɫɬɚɜ ɋɭɞɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɛɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɯ ɨɛɥɢɤɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɤɨʁɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ ɢɞɪɭɝɢɯɥɚɤɲɢɯɨɛɥɢɤɚ  ʁɟɛɢɨɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɢɢɡɜɪɲɢɨʁɟɩɪɟɫɭɞɚɧɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɚɪɚɡɭɦʁɟɜɚʃɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɤɚɨ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧɢɯɨɛɥɢɤɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɈɜɚɤɨɭɫɤɨɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɜɭɱɟ ɩɨɪɢʁɟɤɥɨ ɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɚ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟɧɢɯ ɭ ɱɥɚɧɭ   ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɫʁɟɞɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɜɚɤɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɱɥɚɧɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɫɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ  ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɟ ɨɜɨ ɧɟɫɥɚɝɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɨɤɪɟɧɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɨɛɪɚɡ  ɢɥɢ ɞɚ ɛɚɪɟɦ ɨɞɭɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɞ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɥɚɤɲɢɦ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ    ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɜɟɪɡɚɧ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ583 ɍ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɟɤɫɬɪɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɤɨɞ ɚɧɬɢ-ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɨɩɢɫɚɧɢɩɪɚɝɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɢɦɚɨʁɟɫɭɲɬɢɧɫɤɢɡɧɚɱɚʁ ʁɟɪ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɫɭ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ɢɚɤɨ ɧɟ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ  ɦɚʃɟɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɧɟɝɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ 582 Murphy, ‘Protean Jus ad bellum’, in T. Giegerich and A. Zimmermann (eds), A Wiser Century? Judicial Dispute Settlement, Disarmament and the Laws of War 100 Years after the Second Hague Peace Conference, 2009, ɫɬɪ 9–10. 583 Gazzini, op.cit., ɫɬɪ 159 ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɢɫɬɨɝɚɦɨɝɭɛɢɬɢɢɫɩɨɞɩɪɨɩɢɫɚɧɨɝɩɪɚɝɚɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ584 Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɚɨ ɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟ ɬɚɤɜɨɝ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɤɚ ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɨ ɫɬɚɜ ɞɚ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɛɨɰɤɚʃɚ  ɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɞɢɨ ɲɢɪɟ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢɭɫɜɨʁɨʁɭɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢɤɚɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ 585 ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɟɫɭɦʃɢɜɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʂɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɞɪɭɝɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɱɟɦɭ ʁɟɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɛɢɥɨɝɨɜɨɪɚ) ɚɬɜɪɞʃɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɟɧɚ ɬɨʁɬɟɨɪɢʁɢɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɟɫɭɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ586 Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɨɦ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ 587 ɑɥɚɧ . ɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɞɚ µɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɫɜɪɯɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɫɬɜɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɢ ɭ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɧɭɠɧɨʁ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɨɞɛɢɨ 588 ɂɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɩɨɫɟɛɚɧɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɭʁɟɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɢʁɟɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɝɬɪɚʁɚʃɚ ɧɟɝɨɫɚɦɨɢɦɚɡɚ ɰɢʂɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɝɚɪɚɧɬɨɜɚʃɟɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚ 589 Ɉɜɚʁ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɩɨɞɪɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɭ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢ ɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɚɥɢ ɢ ɞɚ ɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɚɜɟɡɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟɫɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʁɭɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɫɭ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɫɬ  Ɉɫɢɦ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɚ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ  ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬʂɢɜɚ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɚɥɟɤɨ ɨɞ ɢɫɬɢɧɟ  ɫɜɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤ ɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢ ɧɚ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɟɦɨɝɭ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ʁɟɪ 'ɩɨɲɬɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɩɨɫɥɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɤɭɩɧɚɲɬɟɬɚ ɜɟʄ ɩɪɢɱɢʃɟɧɚ  ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɫɟɨɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɚɬɢɤɚɨ ɦʁɟɪɟɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ 590 584 Guillaume, ‘Terrorisme et droit international’, 215 Recueil des Cours (1989-III) 287, ɫɬɪ 406. 585 Y. Dinstein, War, Aggression and Self-Defence (4th edn, 2005), ɫɬɪ230–231; ɢFeder, ‘Reading the U.N. Charter Connotatively: Toward a New Definition of Armed Attack’, 19 NYU Journal of Inernational Law and Policy, 1987, 395, ɫɬɪ414–418. 586 Levenfeld, ‘Israel's Counter-Fedayeen Tactics in Lebanon: Self-Defense and Reprisal Under Modern International Law’, 21 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 1982/83, ɫɬɪ 1 587 Cannizaro, ‘Contextualizing Proportionality: Jus ad bellum and jus in bello in the Lebanese War’, 88/864 International Revue of the Red Cross, 2006, ɫɬɪ 782. 588 Ibid. 589 Gazzini, op.cit., ɫɬɪ 590 Bowett, ‘Reprisals Involving Recourse to Armed Force’, 66 American Journal of International Law, 1972, 1, ɫɬɪ 3; 160 ɍɡɟɜɲɢɫɜɟɨɜɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɟɡɚʁɟɞɧɨɩɪɟɦɚɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɦɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɟɫɭɧɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɟɞɚɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʁɭɟɤɫɬɪɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢɥɟ ɫɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ Ɋɟɫɬɪɢɤɬɢɜɧɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɨɞɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɞɨɛɢɥɟ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɚɧɬɢ-ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦ ɨɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɇɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɪɟɠɢɦɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɉɨɜɟʂɨɦɨɫɬɚɨ ʁɟɢɫɬɢʁɟɪɫɟɱɚɥɧɨɜɢ  ɢ ʁɨɲɭɜɢʁɟɤɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɨɞɛɢʁɚʁɭɞɚɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɢɡɦʁɟɧɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɚɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɢɛɪɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɞɚɫɭɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɦɭɥɬɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɧɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɬɢɯ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɛɨɪɛɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚʁɟɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɚɧɰɢʂɤɨʁɢɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚµɜɨʁɧɢɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ¶ɢɞɨɡɜɨʂɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ jus ad bellum. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɥɟ ɬɚʁ ɰɢʂ ɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɦɨɪɚʁɭɪɟɜɢɞɢɪɚɬɢɬɪɢɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɚɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɟɝɪɟɠɢɦɚɚɬɨɫɭɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɰɢ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟ ɍɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɧɟɦɚɫɭɦʃɟɞɚɫɟɢɫɬɚɨɞɧɨɫɢɫɚɦɨɧɚ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɨɩɟɪɢɲɭ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɬɜɪɞɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɍɇ-ɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧ ɧɚɉɨɜɟʂɢ ɡɚɫɬɚɪɢɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɋȺȾ  ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɨɜɚɤɜɟɬɜɪɞʃɟɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɨɫɬɚɬɤɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟȾɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɞɚɬɪɟɛɚɩɪɚɜɢɬɢɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɬɟɠɢɯɢɥɚɤɲɢɯɩɨɜɪɟɞɚɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɝɞʁɟɨɧɟɩɪɜɟɬɪɟɛɚɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɬɢɤɚɨɞɚɞɨɥɚɡɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɭɝɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɂɚɤɨ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɢɰɢ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɚɪɟɧɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɱɥɚɧ    ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢɧɚɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɚɧɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɨɞ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɢ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɤɨɦɟɧɬɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɥɚ ʁɟ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɝɱɥɚɧɚ 161 ɉɨɫɬɨʁɟʄɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɞɨɠɢɜʂɚɜɚ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɢɡɚɡɨɜɟ ɤɚɞɚʁɟɫɭɨɱɟɧɫɚɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɨɦɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɄɚɨɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯɬɪɟɧɞɨɜɚɞɚɧɚɫ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɫɚ ɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟɦɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɍɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɭɡɟɨ ɢ ɜɨɞɟʄɭɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɈɜɨ ɬɢʁɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɜɢɲɟɧɚɜɪɚɬɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɨ ɞɚ ɱɢɧ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ . ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ591 ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɢ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɨɝ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ592 ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢʁɟɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ593 ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɨɜɟ ɩɪɜɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɟɬɪɟɛɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɬɢɞɚɫɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɛɚɜɢɨɚɤɬɢɦɚɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɢ ɛɟɡ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ594 Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢʁɟɥɧɢɯ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ    ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɟɦVIIµ>ɨ]ɫɭɻɭʁɟɧɚɧɚʁɨɲɬɪɢʁɢɧɚɱɢɧɫɜɚɞʁɟɥɚɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɛɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɢʁɭɩɨɱɢʃɟɧɚɛɢɥɨɝɞʁɟɢɨɞɛɢɥɨɤɨɝɚɤɚɨɧɚʁɨɡɛɢʂɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɢɪɭɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ’595 ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɤɚɞɚɫɟɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɩɢɬɚʃɟɫɚɧɰɤɢʁɚɫɥɢɤɚɧɢʁɟɬɚɤɨ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɚ ȳɟɞɧɨɦ ɤɚɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɭʁɟ ɱɢɧ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɢɪɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɚ ʁɟ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɢɡ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɢ ɥɚɧɚ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ȿɜɢɞɟɧɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɢɩɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɜɚ ɞɜɚ ɱɥɚɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬ ɧɚɱɢɧɆɨɝɥɨɛɢɫɟɪɟʄɢɞɚʁɟɭɥɨɝɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚ ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚɧɚɦʁɟɪɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɧɢɫɭɜɨʁɧɨɝɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚɍɫɭɲɬɢɧɢɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɱɥɚɧɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɜɪɥɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɪɚɞɢɨ ɚ ɦɨɠɞɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɢɨɫɜɨʁɚɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚɭɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨɧɚɜɪɚɬɚɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɪɚɞɢɬɨɤɨɦɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɤɚɨɞɢɨɧɚɩɨɪɚɭɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɋȻ ʁɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɨɩɨɫɟɛɚɧ ɚɧɬɢ-ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬ596 ɧɚɪɟɞɢɨ ʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɞɚ ɡɚɦɪɡɧɭ 591 Gazzini, op.cit., ɫɬɪ 592 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ S/Res/1368 ɢ  ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ), S/Res/1438/2002 Ȼɚɥɢ  S/Res/1530/2004 Ɇɚɞɪɢɞ  Ɋɚɞɢ ɥɢɫɬɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɨɜɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɜɢɞɢ www.un.org/terrorism/sc-res.shtml ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 593 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ 6/Res/1377 (‘Declaration on the Global Effort to Combat Terrorism’), S/Res/1456 (‘Declaration on the Issue of Combating Terrorism’). 594 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɭ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɨɞ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɨɫɭɻɭʁɭ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɭɊɭɫɢʁɢ UN Doc. S/PRST/2004/31). 595 S Res//1456/2003. 596 S/Res/1267/1999. 162 ɛɚɧɤɨɜɧɟ ɪɚɱɭɧɟ ɨɫɭɦʃɢɱɟɧɢɯ ɡɚ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɚɦ597 ɞɚ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨ ɝɨɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ598 ɢɞɚɢɡɪɭɱɭʁɭɨɫɭɦʃɢɱɟɧɟɡɚɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɚɦ599 ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬɬɨɦɟɢɚɤɨʁɟɬɭɦɚɱɢɨɱɥɚɧɧɚɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɚɧɧɚɱɢɧɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟɭɡɞɪɠɚɜɚɨɨɞɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɱɥɚɧɚɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɭɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɫɭɧɚɩɚɞɢɨɞɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɚɥɢɬɨʁɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɦɭɥɬɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɨɨɞɨɛɪɟʃɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɡɚ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨɦɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɫɢɥɟ ɚɧɟ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭɱɥɚɧɚ 42.600 Ɋɚɡɥɨɝɡɚɨɜɚɤɜɭɩɪɚɤɫɭɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨʁɟɜɟɡɚɧɡɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɞɚɫɟɜɨʁɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɤɨɪɢɫɧɢɦɭɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɚɩɨɧɟɤɚɞɧɢɫɚɦɚɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɬɭɨɩɰɢʁɭ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɢɚɤɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɬɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɬɚɤɜɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɫɭ ɨɫɬɚɥɟ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɢɥɢ ɭ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɤɪɚʁʃɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ601 Ɂɚɜɪɲɧɚɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɬɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɝɨɪɟ ɨɞ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɥɟ ɫɢɥɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢɂɚɤɨʁɟɬɚɤɜɚɩɪɚɤɫɚɛɢɥɚɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨɪɢʁɟɬɤɚ ɨɛɢɱɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɢɥɚɡɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɨɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɍ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɛɪɨʁ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɨ ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɟ ɭ ɤɨʁɢɦɚɫɟɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɫɢɥɚɫɟɪɚɡɥɢɤɭʁɭɚɥɢɫɤɨɪɨɭɜʁɟɤɫɟɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʁɭɤɚɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ602 ɋɬɚɜ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɞɨɧɟɤɥɟ ɩɪɨɦʁɟɧɢɨ ɨɞ 597 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ, S/Res/1373/2001, para. 1c; S/Res/1735/2006, para. 1a. 598 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ, S/Res/1373/2001, para. 2e. 599 S/Res/731/1992, para. 3; S/Res/748/1992, para. 1. 600 Eisemann, ‘Attaques du 11 septembre et exercise d’un droit naturel de légitime défense’, in O. Corten et al. (eds), Le droit international face au terrorisme (2002), ɫɬɪ 239. 601 C. Gray, International Law and the Use of Force, ɫɬɪ 31–33. 602 ɍ ɩɨɱɟɬɤɭ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɨ ɨɩɲɬɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫ ɞɚ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɨɞɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɌɨɤɨɦɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɚɤɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɫɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɛɪɢ  ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟ ɝɨɞɢɧɟɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚɨ ɩɚɥɟɬɫɢɧɤɫɟ ɤɚɦɩɨɜɟ ɫʁɟɜɟɪɧɨ ɨɞ Ⱦɚɦɚɫɤɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɭɛɢɥɚɱɤɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɭ ɏɚɢɮɢ ɍ ʂɟɬɨ 163 ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢʁɟɥɧɟ ɨɫɭɞɟ ɤɨɪɢɲɬɟʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɱɢʁɟ ɫɟ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɞɪɭɝɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɞɨ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚʃɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɭ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ Ɉɜɚɤɜɚɩɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɟɦɟɻɭɬɢɦɬɟɲɤɨɦɨɠɟɭɤɨɥɩɢɬɢɭɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɩɪɚɜɧɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɫɭɞɫɤɚɬɢʁɟɥɚɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɢɫɭ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɚɤɜɟ ɧɨɜɟ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɤɟɨɞɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭɂɚɤɨɫɭ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɫɚɞɪɠɚɥɟ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɟ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɨɬɜɨɪɢɥɟ ɞɟɛɚɬɭ ɨ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɟɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚɨɢɩɨɬɨɦɢɡɜɪɲɢɨɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭɧɚɅɢɛɚɧɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɪɚɤɟɬɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɏɟɡɛɨɥɚɯɚ Ɋɟɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɫɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɫɢɥɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɂɬɪɚɟɥɚɛɢɥɚɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɚɌɭɪɫɤɚɫɟɭɜɢɲɟɧɚɜɪɚɬɚɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɤɭɪɞɫɤɨɝ ɉɄɄ-ɚ ɂɚɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɟ Ɍɭɪɫɤɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɞɢɫɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɜɟʄɢɧɚ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɫɟ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɥɚ ɨɞ ɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɨɫɭɞɟ ɬɭɪɫɤɢɯɚɤɰɢʁɚɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɩɨɡɢɜɚʃɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɚɱɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɭɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɮɚɪɦɚɰɟɭɬɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋȺȾ-ɚ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɚɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɟɭɄɟɧɢʁɢɢɌɚɧɡɚɧɢʁɢɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɟɂɪɚɧɚɧɚɛɚɡɟ ɆɄɈ-ɚ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɂɪɚɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɨɦ -ɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɪɭɫɤɨɝ ɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɩɥɨɜɫɬɜɚ ɧɚ ɱɟɱɟɧɫɤɟ ɛɚɡɟ ɭ Ƚɪɭɡɢʁɢɝɨɞɢɧɟ UN Doc. 6 ɤɚɨɢɭɩɚɞɤɨɥɭɦɛɢʁɫɤɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ȿɤɜɚɞɨɪɚɭɩɨɬʁɟɪɢɡɚɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ)$5&-ɚ 164 ɉɊȺȼɈɇȺɋȺɆɈɈȾȻɊȺɇɍɂȿɆȻȺɊȽɈɇȺɍȼɈɁɈɊɍɀȳȺ ɍɜɨɞ ɉɪɢɦɚɪɧɢɡɚɞɚɬɚɤɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟµɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ¶603 Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɚɨ ɨɜɚʁ ɰɢʂ µɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɬɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢ ɪɚɞɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚʃɟɝɨɜɢɯɨɞɥɭɤɚɢɦɨɠɟɭɩɭɬɢɬɢɩɨɡɢɜɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɞɚ ɫɟɫɚɨɛɪɚɡɟɬɢɦɦʁɟɪɚɦɚɈɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɦɨɝɭɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɬɢɩɨɬɩɭɧɢɥɢɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɚɧɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ¶ ɲɬɨ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɟ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ604 Ɉɞɥɭɤɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɞɨɧɟɫɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɚɨɧɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɫɬɜɚɪɚɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭɤɨʁɭɫɜɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɦɨɪɚʁɭɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢ605 ɇɚɦɟɬɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɍɇ-ɚ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɞɚɧɝɥɚɫɫɜɢɯɩɟɬɫɬɚɥɧɢɯɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɡɛɨɝɩɪɚɜɚµɜɟɬɚ¶ ɢɛɚɪɟɦɱɟɬɢɪɢɝɥɚɫɚɨɞ ɩɪɟɨɫɬɚɥɢɯɞɟɫɟɬɡɟɦɚʂɚ606 ɇɢɬɢʁɟɞɧɚɨɞɡɟɦɚʂɚɤɨʁɟɫɭɧɟɫɬɚɥɧɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɧɟɦɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɛɥɨɤɢɪɚɞɨɧɨɲɟʃɟɨɞɥɭɤɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ607 Ɂɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɭɜɨɡɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɞʁɟɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɢʁɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɚ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ608 µɍɫɤɪɚʄɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɚ ɡɚ ɪɚɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɭɚɝɪɟɫɨɪɢɦɚɢɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɨɰɢɦɚɧɨɪɦɢʂɭɞɫɤɢɯɩɪɚɜɚɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɭɜɨɡɚɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɟɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɭɢɫɦɚʃɢɜɚʃɭɨɛɢɦɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɫɭɤɨɛɚ¶609 ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ µɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɨɦɟɬɚ ɫɚɦɨ ɨɞɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɜɪɫɬɟ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɞɨɛɚɪɚ ɢ ɭɫɥɭɝɚ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɬɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɟɥɢɬɚ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɯ ɜɨʁɫɤɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɧɚɫɥɢɧɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɭ ɞɨ ɢɫɬɢɯ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɭɜɨɡɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɜɪɫɬɭ ɩɚɦɟɬɧɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɢɰʁɚ¶610 Ɉɧɟ ɫɭ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɤɨʁɢ 603 ɉɨɜɟʂɚɍɇ-ɚɱɥɚɧ   604 Ibid. ɱɥ 605 Ibid. ɱɥ 606 Ibid. ɱɥ 607 Id.. 608 David Cortright et al., Sanctions Sans Commitment: An Assessment of U.N. Arms Embargoes, 2002, ɫɬɪ  ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ http://www.fourthfreedom.org/pdf/ArmsEmbargoes.pdf ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ. 609 Id. 610 Id. 165 ɞɨɩɪɢɧɨɫɢɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɧɟɜɢɧɢɯɰɢɜɢɥɚ611 ȼʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɱɟɲʄɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɨɛɥɢɤ ɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɯ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ612 ɉɨɪɟɞɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɯ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɚɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɟɧɚɦɟʄɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɟɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɟɱɟɫɬɨɭɜɨɞɟɢɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɟɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɤɚɨɲɬɨɫɭȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɚɍɧɢʁɚɢɥɢ ȿɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɡɚɩɚɞɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ613 ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɥɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɞɟɫɟɬɢɧɚɦɚɡɟɦɚʂɚɭɩɪɨɬɟɤɥɢɦɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ614 Ɉɜɟʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɱɟɫɬɨɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɚɫɧɚɡɢɢɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨɍɇɭɤɢɧɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɱɟɫɬɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɂɚɤɨʁɟɫɜɚɤɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɫɥɨɛɨɞɧɚɞɚɭɫɤɪɚɬɢɫɥɚʃɟɨɪɭɠʁɚɞɪɭɝɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɢɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɬɟɡɚ ɞɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɤɨʁɢɧɚɦɟʄɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ615 Ɍɨɩɢɬɚʃɟʁɟɪɚɡɦɨɬɪɟɧɨɭɨɜɨɦ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ 611 Id. 612 Id. 613 Ibid. ɫɬɪ.3 614 Id. ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭɂɪɚɧɂɪɚɤɅɢɛɢʁɭɢɋʁɟɜɟɪɧɭɄɨɪɟʁɭȼɢɞɢ ɜɢɲɟɨɬɨɦɟɭ William M. McGlone and Michael L. Burton, Economic Sanctions and Export Controls ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ  http://www.abanet.org/intlaw/committees/business_regulation/export_controls/yir2000.pdf ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ 615 See, e.g., Carin Kahgan, Jus Cogens and the Inherent Right to Self-Defense, 3 I.L.S.A. Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1997, 767. 166 ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɨɞɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɜɚɠɧɨɫɬɢ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ  ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɨʁ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ616 ɇɚɤɨɧɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚɫɬɪɚɧɤɚɨɫɜɨʁɢɥɚɜɥɚɫɬɭȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɨʁɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɥɚ ɡɚɤɨɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɱɢɧɢɬɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɚɩɚɪɬɯɟʁɞɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɰɪɧɚɰɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɚʃɢɧɚ617 Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ  ɭɫɜɨʁɟɧɨɦ  ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɩɨɡɜɚɥɚʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɞɚ ɛɨʁɤɨɬɭʁɭ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɭ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ ɢ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɤɢɧɭ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟɫɚɬɨɦɡɟɦʂɨɦ618 ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɩɪɚɬɢɨȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɭɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɭɢ ɚɜɝɭɫɬɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɨʁɟɊɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɱɭʁɟɧɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ619 ȼɟɥɢɤɚ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɚ ɢ Ɏɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚɫɭɧɚɜɟɥɟɞɚʄɟɩɪɚɜɢɬɢɪɚɡɥɢɤɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɪɭɠʁɚɡɚɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɭɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɭ ɢɨɪɭɠʁɚɡɚɫɩɨʂɧɭɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɨɫɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦȾɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɭɫɩɪɨɬɢɜɢɥɟɫɭ ɫɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɦɟɦɛɚɪɝɭɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɆɟɻɭɬɢɦɝɨɞɢɧɟɫɬɨɬɢɧɟɰɪɧɚɰɚʁɟ ɭɛɢʁɟɧɨ ɭ ɧɟɪɟɞɢɦɚ ɭ ɦʁɟɫɬɭ ɋɨɜɟɬɨ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɬɟɫɬɚ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɨɝ ɧɟʁɟɞɧɚɤɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɧɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɥɨ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɜɢɪɚʃɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɨɫɭɞɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɚɩɚɪɬɯɟʁɞɚɌɚɤɨɻɟɭɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɋɬɢɜɟɧȻɢɤɨɥɢɞɟɪɩɨɤɪɟɬɚ µɐɪɧɚɱɤɟ ɫɜɢʁɟɫɬɢ¶ ɭɦɪɨ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɨɥɢɰɢʁɫɤɨɦɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɭɄɨɧɚɱɧɨ  ɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ 77. ɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɪɟɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨɤɚɨɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɧɟɪɟɞɚɭɦʁɟɫɬɭɋɨɜɟɬɨɩɪɟɜɢɪɚʃɚɢɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɟ ɲɢɪɨɦ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɍɇ-ɚ ʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɨɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ  ɤɨʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟɦ ɫɚ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɨɦ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɨɝɥɚɲɟɧɚ µɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɨɦ ɦɢɪɭ¶ ɢ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɦ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɦ620 616 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ105-06; S/Res/418/1977. 617 Institute for International Economics, Case Studies in Sanctions and Terrorism, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ  http://www.iie.com/research/topics/sanctions/southafrica.cfm ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɝɞʁɟ ɫɟ ɰɢɬɢɪɚ Mark David, United-States-South African Relations— 1962-67, in Economic Coercion and U.S. Foreign Policy: Implications of Case Studies from the Johnson Administration, 6LGQH\ :HLQWUDXE HG  ɫɬɪ 215. Economic Coercion and U.S. Foreign Policy: Implications of Case Studies from the Johnson Administration 618 G.A. Res. 1761 (XVII), U.N. Doc. A/1761. 619 S/Res/181/1963. 620 S/Res/418/1977. Gray 167 ɉɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɎɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɟʁɟɫɬɚɜɢɨɪɟɡɟɪɜɟɩɪɟɦɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢɭɫɦɢɫɥɭɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚ ɧɢʁɟɞɧɨʁɡɟɦʂɢɧɟɫɦɢʁɟɛɢɬɢɭɫɤɪɚʄɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɤɨʁɟɝɚɪɚɧɬɭʁɟɱɥɚɧ ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚ621 ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨɲɬɨʁɟɫɜɪɯɚ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɛɢɥɚɞɚ ɫɟɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɝɨɦɢɥɚʃɟɨɪɭɠʁɚɧɚɦʁɟʃɟɧɨɝɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɨʁɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɢɚɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɧɚɤɨɧ ɧɟɞɚɜɧɨ ɢɡɜɪɲɟɧɨɝ ɫɥɚɦɚʃɚ ɩɨɛɭɧɟ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɮɪɚɧɰɭɫɤɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɥɚ ɞɚ ɝɥɚɫɚ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɬ ɨɪɭɠʁɚȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɨʁɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɰɢ622 ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɢʁɟɭɤɢɧɭɨɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɇɟɥɫɨɧɚ Ɇɟɧɞɟɥɟ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ623 ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɢɯ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɡɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ624 Ɍɨɤɨɦ  ɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɱɟɬɢɪɢɨɞɲɟɫɬ ʁɭɝɨɫɥɨɜɟɧɫɤɢɯɪɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɩɪɨɝɥɚɫɢɥɟɫɭɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɨɫɬɲɬɨ ʁɟɞɨɜɟɥɨɞɨ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝɪɚɬɚɄɚɤɨɫɟɧɚɫɢʂɟɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚɥɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟɫɭɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢɞɚɩɭɬɟɦɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɚɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɭɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɨɪʁɟɲɟʃɟɫɩɨɪɚ ɚɥɢ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɭɫɩʁɟɥɢ ɉɪɢɦɢɪʁɚ ɢ ɞɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɢɞɢ ɜɚɬɪɟ ɪɟɞɨɜɧɨ ɫɭ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚɧɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɜɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɝɥɟɞɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɢɩɥɨɦɚɬɫɤɟɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰʁɟȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɟɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟɫɚɞɨɡɨɦɫɤɟɩɬɢɰɢɡɦɚ ɇɚɤɨɧ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɬɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɚɜɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɍɇ-ɚ ʁɟ ɭɫɜɨʁɢɨɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɧɚɦɟʄɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɫɜɢɦ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɧɚɫɬɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɢɜɲɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ625 Ɍɨ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɧɢʁɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢɥɨ ɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɚ ɍɧɭɬɚɪ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɝɞʁɟ ʁɟ ɫɭɤɨɛ ɨɞɧɢɨ ɧɚʁɜɢɲɟɠɢɜɨɬɚɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɟɢɯɪɜɚɬɫɤɟɫɧɚɝɟɛɢɥɟɫɭɭɞɪɭɠɟɧɟɭɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɪɩɫɤɢɯɫɧɚɝɚɬɨɤɨɦɜɟʄɟɝɞɢʁɟɥɚɬɪɚʁɚʃɚɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ 621 Repertoire of Practice of the Security Council 1975-1980, 311. 622 Id; Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ 106. 623 S/Res/919/1994. 624 ȼɢɞɢBosnia v. Serbia II, 1993 I.C.J. 325 625 Id.; ɜɢɞɢ S/Res/713/1991 (25.09.1991.) (“[ɋ]ɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɪɚʁɭ ɪɚɞɢ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɧɨɫɬɢɭȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢɦɨɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɨɩɨɱɟɬɢɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢɨɩɲɬɢɢɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɫɜɟ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɦɟ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɞɨɤɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɤɨɧɫɭɥɬɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚɢɜɥɚɞɟȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɟ”). 168 ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ ɧɚɰɢʁɟ ɫɭ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɥɟ Ȼɢɏ ɤɚɨ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ  ɦɚʁɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨʁɟɬɨɭɱɢɧɢɥɚȿɜɪɨɩɫɤɚɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɚɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɄɚɤɨ ɫɭɫɟɫɭɤɨɛɢɩɪɨɞɭɛʂɢɜɚɥɢɫɜɟɜɢɲɟɡɟɦɚʂɚʁɟɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɨɧɚɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ɞɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɞɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ ɭɫɜɨʁɢ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ  ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɨɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɬɚɜɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɜɚɧ ɫɧɚɝɟ.626 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɡɟɦɚʂɚɤɨʁɟɫɭɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɥɟɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɭɜɥɚɞɭɭȻɢɏɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɦɨɝɥɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɦʁɟɪɨɦ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨɦ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɦɢɪ ɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ627 ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɜɨɞɧɨɧɢʁɟɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɧɢɤɚɤɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɪɚɞɢɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɦɢɪɚ ɩɚ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɢ ɭɤɢɧɭɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ Ȼɨɫɧɟ ɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɟ ɧɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɛɢɥɚ ɧɭɠɧɚɍ ɫɬɜɚɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚʁɟɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɢɨȻɨɫɧɢɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢɞɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɨɩɪɚɜɨ ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɨɪɦɚ jus cogens ɚ ɩɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚɨ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɢɥɨ ɛɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɫɧɚɡɢɭɫɭɩɪɨɬɧɨɫɬɢɫɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɩɪɚɜɨɦ ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɛɪɨʁ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɨ ɞɚ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɢʁɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɢɞɚʄɟ ɫɚɦɨɪɚɫɩɥɚɦɫɚɬɢɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬȺɤɨɛɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɛɢɨ ɭɤɢɧɭɬ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢ ɩɨɞ ɢɡɝɨɜɨɪɨɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɭɝɪɨɡɢɨ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɭɱɢʃɟɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɲɥɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɻɟ ɬɪɚʁɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɉɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɢɦ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɢɦɚɫɚɦɨɞɨɜɟɥɨɞɨɬɪɤɟɭɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɭɢɡɦɟɻɭɡɚɪɚʄɟɧɢɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɭȻɢɏɫɚ ɧɟɫɚɝɥɟɞɢɜɢɦɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɚɦɚȾɪɭɝɢɦɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɛɢɛɢɥɚµɫɨɥɭɰɢʁɚ ɨɱɚʁɚʃɚ¶ʁɟɪɛɢɬɨɡɧɚɱɢɥɨɞɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟɧɚɰɢʁɟɨɤɪɟʄɭɥɟɻɚȻɨɫɧɢɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢɚ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʃɟɧɨɦɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭɞɚɫɟɢɡɛɨɪɢ ɞɨɤɪɚʁɚɛɟɡɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɇɚɰɪɬɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ628 ɤɨʁɨɦɛɢɫɟɭɤɢɧɭɨɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ʁɟɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɧɚɝɥɚɫɚʃɟɢɨɞɛɚɱɟɧ ɡɛɨɝ ɭɡɞɪɠɚɧɢɯ ɝɥɚɫɨɜɚ ɞɟɜɟɬ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɫɭ ɱɟɬɢɪɢ 626 ȼɢɞɢ G.A. Res. 47/121, U.N. Doc. A/RES/47/121 (“Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɚ ɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɚ«ɬɪɚɠɢ ɨɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ    >ɞ@ɚ ɢɡɭɡɦɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɭ Ȼɨɫɧɭ ɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɭ ɨɞ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɛɢɜɲɨʁ ȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ713 (1991) ɨɞ25. ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ”). 627 ɉɨɜɟʂɚɍɇ-ɚɱɥɚɧ 51. 628 S/25997 169 ɫɬɚɥɧɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟȿɦɛɚɪɝɨ ʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɨɧɚ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɫɜɟɞɨɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ,629 ɚ ɧɢʁɟɭɤɢɧɭɬɧɚɨɫɧɨɜɭɩɪɚɜɚȻɢɏɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɟɝɨɤɚɨɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟɞɚɫɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɰɢɋɪɛɢʁɟɏɪɜɚɬɫɤɟ ɢ Ȼɢɏ ɩɨɬɩɢɫɚɥɢȾɟʁɬɨɧɫɤɢɦɢɪɨɜɧɢ ɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦ ɭ Ɉɯɚʁɭɧɨɜɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟ ȻɢɏʁɟɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɚɞɚɭɛɢʁɟɞɢɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟɞɚɨɝɥɚɫɢɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɟɦɛɪɚɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɢ ɞɚ µɪɚɡʁɚɫɧɢ ɬɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɧɟɞɨɭɦɢɰɭɪɚɞɢɰɢʁɟɥɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ¶630 Ȼɢɏʁɟɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɥɚɧɚ ɭɬɜɪɻɢɜɚʃɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɡɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɬɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɢɦɚɩɪɟɜɟɧɫɬɜɨɧɚɞɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɦɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɤɨʁɢʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ631 ɋɭɞʁɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɧɟɦɚɧɚɞɥɟɠɧɨɫɬ ɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɩɨ ɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭʁɟɪɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɟɫɭɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚɥɟɨɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɢɫɭɛɢɥɟɫɬɪɚɧɤɟɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ Ɉɜɚɤɚ ɫɬɚɜ ɋɭɞɚ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɨ ʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɨ ɧɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁ ɪɚɡʁɚɲʃɟʃɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɩɪɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ ɉɪɟɞɦɟɬɧɚ ɞɟɛɚɬɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɢɡɛɢɥɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɭ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɭ Ɋɭɚɧɞɢ632 ɉɪɢʁɟɝɨɞɢɧɟɊɭɚɧɞɚʁɟɛɢɥɚʁɟɞɧɚɨɞɧɚʁɝɭɲʄɟɧɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɯɡɟɦɚʂɚ ɧɚɫɜɢʁɟɬɭȵɟɧɚɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɚɫɟɫɚɫɬɨʁɚɥɚɨɞɞɜɢʁɟɞɨɦɢɧɚɧɬɧɟɟɬɧɢɱɤɟɝɪɭɩɟɏɭɬɭ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ  ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɢ Ɍɭɬɫɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɱɢɧɢɥɢ ɨɤɨ  ɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ633 ɂɚɤɨɫɭɏɭɬɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɢɛɪɨʁɱɚɧɭɜɟʄɢɧɭɌɭɬɫɢɫɭɜɥɚɞɚɥɢʃɢɦɚɡɚɞʃɢɯɩɨɥɚ ɦɢɥɟɧɢʁɭɦɚ ɫɜɟ ɞɨ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥ ɏɚɛʁɚɪɢɦɚɧɚ ɏɭɬɭ  ʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɨɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɜɲɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɢ ɭɞɚɪ ɢ ɜɥɚɞɚɨ ʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɨɦ ɧɚɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɞɜɚɞɟɫɟɬ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɍɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚɤɨʁɟɫɭɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɟɦɚɫɚɤɪɭɜɥɚɞɚɏɚɛʁɚɪɢɦɚɧɟʁɟɩɨɞɫɬɢɰɚɥɚ ɦɟɻɭɟɬɧɢɱɤɭ ɦɪɠʃɭ ɭɧɭɬɚɪ Ɋɭɚɧɞɟ ³Ȼɪɚɧɚ ɟɬɧɢɱɤɟ ɧɟɬɪɩɟʂɢɜɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɫɪɭɲɟɧɚ  ɚɩɪɢɥɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɛɨɪɟɧ ɚɜɢɨɧ ɏɚɛʁɚɪɢɦɚɧɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɝɩɨɜɪɚɬɤɚɫɚɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝɦɢɪɨɜɧɨɝɫɚɦɢɬɚɭȾɚɪɟɫɋɚɥɚɦɭȵɟɝɨɜɚɫɦɪɬ 629 ȼɢɞɢ S/Res/1021/1995. 630 Bosnia v. Serbia II, 1993 I.C.J. 325, 344-45 631 Id. 632 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ107. 633 Ved P. Nanda et al., ‘Tragedies In Somalia, Yugoslavia, Haiti, Rwanda and Liberia—Revisiting the Validity of Humanitarian Intervention Under International Law’Part II, 1998, 26 Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, 827, ɫɬɪ847 170 ɩɨɤɪɟɧɭɥɚ ʁɟ ɥɚɧɱɚɧɭɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɭɧɚɫɭɦɢɱɧɢɯ ɟɝɡɟɤɭɰɢʁɚɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚ ɝɪɭɩɟɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ Ɍɭɬɫɢɤɚɨɢɱɥɚɧɨɜɚɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɟɨɞɫɬɚɪɧɟɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɱɤɟɝɚɪɞɟ´634 Ɍɨɤɨɦɫɜɟɝɚɬɪɢ ɦʁɟɫɟɰɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɢ  ɝɪɚɻɚɧɚɊɭɚɧɞɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɤɚɩɥɟɦɟɧɚ Ɍɭɬɫɢʁɟɭɛɢʁɟɧɨɍɇʁɟɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɩɨɫɥɚɨɛɚɬɚʂɨɧɟɭɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭɞɚɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɢɪɭ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɭ ɚɥɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɫɩɢɨɒɬɨ ʁɟ ɤɪɢɡɚ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɚɥɚ ɞɭɛʂɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɦɢɪɨɜɧɨʁ ɦɢɫɢʁɢɨɞɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɍɇ-ɚɛɢɜɚɥɚɫɥɚɛɢʁɚ Ɇʁɟɫɟɰɞɚɧɚɧɚɤɨɧɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɡɚɩɨɱɟɬ ɝɟɧɨɰɢɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟɭɫɜɨʁɢɨ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭɤɨʁɨɦɫɟɊɭɧɚɞɢɧɚɦɟʄɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɨ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɬɢ ɟɫɤɚɥɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚɫɢʂɚ ɢ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɛɪɨʁ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ UNAMIR ɆɢɫɢʁɚɩɨɦɨʄɢɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɊɭɚɧɞɢ ɦɢɫɢʁɟɫɚɧɚ635 Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɢɜɚʃɟɞɨɞɚɬɧɢɯɬɪɭɩɚɫɟɞɟɫɢɥɨɫɚɜɟɥɢɤɢɦɡɚɤɚɲʃɟʃɟɦɡɛɨɝ ɧɟɜɨʂɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚ ɞɚ ɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭɦɢɫɢʁɢ ɫɚ ɬɪɭɩɚɦɚɢ ɨɩɪɟɦɨɦɇɚɤɨɧ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ Ɋɭɚɧɞɫɤɢ ɩɚɬɪɢɨɬɫɤɢɮɪɨɧɬ RPF  ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɫɚɱɢʃɚɜɚɥɢɌɭɬɫɢɤɨʁɢɫɭɪɚɧɢʁɟɩɨɛʁɟɝɥɢɢɡɊɭɚɧɞɟɨɫɧɨɜɚɨʁɟɜɥɚɞɭɫɚɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɨɦɦɟɻɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɨɦ Ɍɟɠɚɤ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɢ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɭɱɢɧɢɨ ʁɟ Ɋɭɚɧɞɭ ɪɚʃɢɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɭɬɢɰɚʁɟ ɢɡɜɚɧɚ636 ɋɯɨɞɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɧɨɫɢɥɚ ɫɥɢɱɧɟ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ ɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚɤɨʁɢɫɭɫɟɫɜɨɞɢɥɢɧɚɬɜɪɞʃɭɞɚɛɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɩɨɞɢʄɢɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɥɨɡɟɦʂɢɞɚɫɟɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɨɞɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢɫɩɨʂɚ637 ³Ɉɜɚʁɩɭɬ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɨʁɟɪʁɟɛɢɨɡɚɛɪɢɧɭɬɡɛɨɝɜɨʁɧɢɯɩɪɢɩɪɟɦɚɢɭɩɚɞɚ ɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɊɭɧɚɞɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɚɛɢɜɲɟɝɪɟɠɢɦɚ´638 ɂɚɤɨɊɭɚɧɞɚɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɪɩɢɥɚµɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ¶ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚʁɟɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɦɛɢɛɢɨɧɭɠɚɧɤɚɞɚɛɢɫɟɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɥɚɇɚɞɚʂɟɡɛɨɝɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚɍɇɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɚɨɞɚɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢɞɨɜɨʂɧɛɪɨʁɬɪɭɩɚɢɥɢɞɚɢɡɜɪɲɢɞɨɜɨʂɚɧɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɊɭɚɧɞɭɨɞɧɚɩɚɞɚɫɩɨʂɚʃɟɝɨɜɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɧɢɫɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɟɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɫɭ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɚɜɨɊɭɚɧɞɟɞɚɫɟ ɛɪɚɧɢɨɞɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢɫɬɨɝɚɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɨɜɚɧɫɧɚɝɟɁɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡ 634 Ved P. nanda et al., Tragedies in Somalia, Yugoslavia, Haiti, Rwanda and Liberia – Revisiting the Validity of Humanitarian Intervention Under International Law – Part II, 1998, 26, Denver Journal of International Law and Policy, ɫɬɪ 848. 635 S/Res/918/1994. 636 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ107. 637 Id. 638 Id. 171 ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɩɨɜɪɟɞɭ ɧɨɪɦɢ jus cogens ɉɨɞɫʁɟʄɚʁɭʄɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɭɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɧɟɞɭɠɧɢɯ ɰɢɜɢɥɚ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɨɬɚɤɨɲɬɨ ʁɟɭɤɢɧɭɨɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɨɪɭɠʁɟɤɨʁɟ ʁɟɛɢɥɨɧɚɦʁɟʃɟɧɨɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ,639 ɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɨ Ɋɭɚɧɞɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɢɡɨɜɚʃɚɫɩɨʂʃɟɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟ ɉɢɬɚʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭʁɟɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɨɢɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟɭ ɉɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɨɝ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ (RUF  ɨɬɩɨɱɟɥɢ ɫɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɟ ɤɚɨ ɧɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟɭ640 ȼɨʁɧɚ ɜɥɚɫɬ ɭ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟɭ ɭɧɚʁɦɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɤɟ ɢɡ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɨɪɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ641 ɋɚ ɢɫɤɭɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɬɟɱɟɧɢɦ ɭ ɪɚɬɨɜɢɦɚ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɫɚȺɧɝɨɥɨɦɢɇɚɦɢɛɢʁɨɦɩɥɚʄɟɧɢɰɢɫɭɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ Ɋɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɨɝ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɢ ɭ ɪɨɤɭ ɦɚʃɟɦ ɨɞ ɦʁɟɫɟɰ ɞɚɧɚ ɫɤɨɪɨ ɟɥɢɦɢɧɢɫɚɥɢɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɟ ɢɡ ɡɟɦʂɟ642 Ⱦɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟRUF ʁɟ ɛɢɨɩɪɢɫɢʂɟɧɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɦɢɪɨɜɧɢɦɩɪɟɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɚ643 ɍɫɥɨɜɢɩɪɟɞɚʁɟɫɭɛɢɥɢɞɚɫɟRUF ɪɟɝɢɫɬɪɭʁɟ ɤɚɨ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɚ ɩɚɪɬɢʁɚ ɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɨɪɭɠɚ644 ɂɩɚɤ RUF ɫɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɚɡɨɪɭɠɚɨ ɧɢɬɢ ɞɟɦɨɛɢɥɢɫɚɨ ɧɟɝɨ ʁɟ ɡɛɚɰɢɨ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɭ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚ ɏɚɛɚɯ ɭ ɦɚʁɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟɢɩɪɟɭɡɟɨɜɥɚɫɬ645 Ɉɞ ɝɨɞɢɧɟRUF ʁɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɧɡɚɜɢɲɟɨɞ 639 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ 107 (ɤɨʁɚɰɢɬɢɪɚS/Res/1011/1995) (“ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɤɨʁɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɚ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɝɪɚɮ 1994) ɫɟ ɧɟʄɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɢɜɚɬɢ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɨɞɚʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɫɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚɜɥɚɞɢɊɭɚɧɞɟɩɭɬɟɦɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɯɩɪɟɥɚɡɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯɭɥɢɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɭ ʁɟ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɞɭɠɧɚ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɭ ɤɨʁɢ ʄɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɨɛɚɜɢʁɟɫɬɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɍɇ-ɚɫɚɬɟɥɢɫɬɟ´  640 Ian Martinez, Conflict Resolution in Africa: Sierra Leone’s “Conflict Diamonds”: The Legacy of Imperial Mining Laws and Policy, 2001, 10 University of Miami International and Comparative Law Review, 217, ɫɬɪ 233. 641 Id. ɫɬɪ 234 642 Id. 643 Id. 644 Id. (ɝɞʁɟɰɢɬɢɪɚ K. Nowrot & E. Schabacker, The Use of Force to Restore Democracy: International Legal Implications of the ECOWAS Intervention in Sierra Leone, 1998, 14 American University International Law Review, 321, ɫɬɪ, 326. 645 Id. ɫɬɪ 235 172 ɭɛɢɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɨɥɚ ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɥɢɰɚ  ɦɢɥɢɨɧɚ ɢɧɬɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɫɟʂɟɧɢɯ ɢ ɯɢʂɚɞɟ ɨɫɤɚʄɟɧɢɯ646 ɍɨɤɬɨɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚ ɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɭ647 ɇɟɤɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɍɇ-ɚɫɭɩɨɤɭɲɚɥɟɞɚɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʁɭ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ʁɨʁ ɛɢɥɨ ɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɛɪɚɧɢ ɬɜɪɞɟʄɢɞɚɛɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɬɪɟɛɚɨɞɚɫɟɨɞɧɨɫɢɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɜɨɧɚRUF.648 Ɋɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɟɬɟ ɜɪɫɬɟɢɩɚɤɧɢʁɟɧɚɲɥɨɦʁɟɫɬɚɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ649 ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟRUF ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟɚ ɬɚ ɡɟɦʂɚʁɟɢɦɚɥɚɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢɨɞɬɟɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ650 ɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɚʁɟɛɢɥɚɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦɩɭɬɟɦʁɟɛɢɨɧɭɠɚɧɞɚɛɢɫɟɡɟɦʂɚɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɚɨɞɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟRUF-ɚ ɉɨɪɟɞ ɬɨɝɚ ɍɇ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ µɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟɦʁɟɪɟ¶ɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨɦɢɪɩɚɬɚɤɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɚɧɢʁɟɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɚ Ɉɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɟ ɜɥɚɞɟɛɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɤɪɲɟʃɟɧɨɪɦɢjus cogensɋɯɨɞɧɨɬɨɦɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ ɩɨɧɨɜɨ ɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɨ ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ651 Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɚ ʁɟɬɚɤɨɻɟɧɚɜɨɞɢɥɚɫɥɢɱɧɟɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɟɤɚɞɚ ʁɟɛɢɥɚɩɨɞɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɦɧɚɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭ ɚɥɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɥɚ ɡɧɚɬɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɚ ɨɞ ɨɧɟ ɨɩɢɫɚɧɟ ɭ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɦɚ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ652 ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɍɇ-ɚʁɟɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɨɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɅɢɛɟɪɢʁɢɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ ɤɚɨ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨɧɬɢɧɭɢɪɚɧɨɝ ɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɚ ɬɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ ɭ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬ ɭ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ 646 S/Res/1132/1997 647 Id. 648 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ 106. 649 Id.; ɜɢɞɢ S/Res/1132/1997 650 ȼɢɞɢɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɨɬɨɦɟɭɉɨɜɟʂɚɍɇ-ɚɱɥɚɧ2(7). ɉɨɞɪɲɤɚRUF-ɭɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɅɢɛɟɪɢʁɟɩɨɜɟʄɚɥɚ ʁɟɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭɡɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɚȼɢɞɢ S/Res/1343/2011ɂɩɚɤɩɨɲɬɨɅɢɛɟɪɢʁɚɧɢʁɟɫɥɚɥɚ ɬɪɭɩɟ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ʃɟɧɨ ɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɟ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ µɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ¶ ɭ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɱɥɚɧɚɢɚɤɨɛɢɫɟɦɨɝɥɨɬɪɟɬɢɪɚɬɢɤɚɨɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɭɫɦɢɫɥɭɱɥɚɧɚ   651 S/Res/1171/1998. 652 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ 107. 173 Ʌɟɨɧɟɭ653 ɐɢʂ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɭɫɬɚɜɢ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɟ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚ RUF-ɚ654 KɚɞɚʁɟɅɢɛɟɪɢʁɚɤɚɫɧɢʁɟɛɢɥɚɫɭɨɱɟɧɚɫɚɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚLURD-ɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɰɢ ɭʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɡɛɨɝɩɨɦɢɪɟʃɚɢɞɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɢʁɟ ɭɧɭɬɚɪɫɨɩɫɬɜɟɧɢɯɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɬɪɚɠɢɥɚʁɟɨɞ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɭɤɢɧɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɬɜɪɞɟʄɢɞɚ ʁɨʁɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ655 ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɞɛɢɥɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɬɚʁ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɢɞɚʂɟɛɢɨɟɮɢɤɚɫɚɧɭɩɨɫɬɢɡɚʃɭɫɜɨʁɟ ɫɜɪɯɟɚ ɬɨ ʁɟɩɪɟɤɢɞ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɟɅɢɛɟɪɢʁɟɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚRUF-ɚɭɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɭ656 ɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɚ ȳɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɫɤɨɪɢʁɢɯ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɤɢɧɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɚ ɩɨɡɢɜɨɦ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɟ ȿɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɢ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ657 ɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɦɢɪɧɚɤɨɧɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɨɝɪɚɬɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤ Ɇɭɯɚɦɟɞ ɋɢʁɚɞ Ȼɚɪɟ ɫɜɪɝɧɭɬ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɝɟɪɢɥɚ658 ɂɚɤɨ ɫɭ ɬɪɭɩɟɍɇ-ɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɦɢɪɚ ɛɢɥɟ ɪɚɫɩɨɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɭ ɬɨʁ ɡɟɦʂɢ ɭɫɩʁɟɯ ʁɟ ɢɡɨɫɬɚɨ ɡɛɨɝɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚɬɟɲɤɨɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɜɨʁɧɢɯɮɪɚɤɰɢʁɚɩɚɫɭɫɟɬɪɭɩɟɍɇ-ɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɩɨɜɭɤɥɟ659 653ȼɢɞɢS/Rɟɾ. 654 Id. Ȼɢɜɲɢ ɥɢɛɟɪɢʁɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤ ɑɚɪɥɫ Ɍɟʁɥɨɪ ʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɬɜɨɪɭ ɭ ɏɚɝɭ ɚ ɫɭɞɢ ɦɭ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɞ ɉɨɫɟɛɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɨɦ ɡɚ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟ ɡɚ ɡɥɨɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɱɨɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɚ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɚʁɭ ɭɛɢɫɬɜɨ ɫɢɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɪɟɝɪɭɬɨɜɚʃɟ ɞʁɟɰɟ ɬɨɤɨɦ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ ɭ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟɭ Ɉɧ ʁɟ ɭɯɚɩɲɟɧɝɨɞɢɧɟɤɚɞɚʁɟɩɨɤɭɲɚɜɚɨɞɚɩɨɛʁɟɝɧɟɢɡɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟȼɢɞɢɜɢɲɟɨɬɨɦɟɭ Trial of Ex- Liberian President Only Funded Through Opening Statements: Prosecutor, Jurist Legal News and Research, 01.02.2007., ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/pcbackup/2007/02/trial- of-ex-liberian-president-only.php. ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 655 ȼɢɞɢ ɧɩɪ ɩɢɫɦɨ Ɇɢɧɢɫɬɪɚ ɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɟ ɭɩɭʄɟɧɨ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɦ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɭ ɍɇ-ɚ ɦɚʁɚɝɨɞɢɧɟU.N. Doc. S/2001/474. 656ȼɢɞɢ S/Res/1408/2002. 657 S/Res/733/1992. 658 BBC NEWS, Timeline: Somalia: A Timeline of Key Events, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1072611.stm; Infoplease.com, Somalia, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚ http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0861179.html. ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 659 Id. 174 Ɉɞ ɬɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɟ ɩɨɬɟɲɤɨʄɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɰɟɧɬɪɚɥɧɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ʁɟɪ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɟ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɯ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɧɚɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ660 Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɩɚɪɥɚɦɟɧɬ ɨɞ  ɩɨɫɥɚɧɢɤɚ ʁɟ ɫɚɡɜɚɧ ɭ Ʉɟɧɢʁɢ  ɩɨ ɧɨɜɨɦ ɫɬɚɬɭɬɭ ɚȺɛɞɭɥɚɯɢ ȳɭɫɭɮȺɯɦɟɞɛɢɜɲɢɝɟɧɟɪɚɥʁɟɢɡɚɛɪɚɧɡɚɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɚɭɨɤɬɨɛɪɭɝɨɞɢɧɟ661 ɍ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɥɢɞɟɪɢ ɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɟ ȳɟɦɟɧɚ ɋɭɞɚɧɚ  ɢ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɬɪɚɠɢɥɢɫɭɨɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɭɤɢɧɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɤɚɤɨɛɢɩɨɦɨɝɚɨɩɪɟɥɚɡɧɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɞɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢɬɟɬ ɧɚɞ ɡɚɪɚʄɟɧɢɦ ɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɢɦ ɮɨɪɦɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ662 ɂɩɚɤ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɢʁɟ ɭɤɢɧɭɨ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɧɚɦʁɟʃɟɧɨ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ663 ɆɧɨɝɢɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɞɚʁɟȺɯɦɟɞɪɚɬɧɢɡɥɨɱɢɧɚɰɢɞɢɤɬɚɬɨɪɢɛɨʁɟɫɟɞɚɛɢ ɨɧ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɞɟɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɨɜɚɨ ɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɭ ɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɢɦɚɨ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɤɭɩɭʁɟ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟ664 ɉɨɲɬɨ Ⱥɯɦɟɞ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɨ ɛɭɞɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɤɭɩɭʁɭ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɧɟʄɟ ɭɤɢɧɭɬɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɭ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɧɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟɧɚɦʁɟʃɟɧɨɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɦɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ665 660 Id. ɍɩɨɫʂɟɞʃɨʁɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɢ ɧɚʁɝɨɪɢɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚɧɚɫɢʂɚɭɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɢɩɨɱɟɨʁɟɭɦɚʁɭ2006. ɝɨɞɢɧɟɤɚɞɚɫɭɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɟɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɟɫɧɚɝɟɩɨɡɧɚɬɟɤɚɨɋɚɜʁɟɬɫɨɦɚɥɢʁɫɤɢɯɢɫɥɚɦɫɤɢɯɫɭɞɨɜɚ ɪɚɬɨɜɚɥɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɪɢɜɚɥɫɤɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɝɪɭɩɚȾɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚ http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107979.html. ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ  ɍɡ ɩɨɦɨʄ ɫɭɫʁɟɞɧɟ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɛɢɥɚ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɚ ɭ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢɦɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɬʁɟɪɚ ɢɫɥɚɦɢɫɬɟ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɡɟɦʂɟ Id. ɍ ʁɚɧɭɚɪɭ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɢɡɜɟɥɟɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɟɧɚɢɫɥɚɦɢɫɬɟɭɩɨɜɥɚɱɟʃɭʁɟɪɫɟɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɥɨɞɚɫɭɦɟɻɭʃɢɦɚɢ ɬɪɢɱɥɚɧɚȺɥɤɚɢɞɟɤɨʁɢɫɟɫɭɦʃɢɱɟɡɚɭɱɟɲʄɟɭɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɧɚɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɟɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɟɭɇɚʁɪɨɛɢʁɭɢȾɚɪ ɟɫɋɚɥɚɦɭɝɨɞɢɧɟId. 661 BBC NEWS, Timeline: Somalia: A Timeline of Key Events, ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1072611.stm. ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 662 5HXWHUV6RPDOLD1HLJKERXUV$VN81WR(QG$UPV(PEDUJRɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚ http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L29100201.htm ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 663 ȼɢɞɢ S/Res/1744/2007ɂɩɚɤɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɨɜɥɚɫɬɢɨɞɪɠɚɜɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟȺɮɪɢɱɤɟɭɧɢʁɟɞɚ ɩɨɲɚʂɭɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɭɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɭ ɫɚ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɦ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɢ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɛɭɤɟ ɫɨɦɚɥɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Id. ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ, ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɨɞɨɛɪɢɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɪɭɠʁɚɤɨʁɟɛɢɫɥɭɠɢɥɨɤɚɨɩɨɞɪɲɤɚɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨʁɦɢɫɢʁɢ Id. 664 ȼɢɞɢ, $IURO 1HZV 6RPDOLD¶V 1HZ 3UHVLGHQW *HWV 0L[HG :HOFRPH ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨ ɧɚ http://www.afrol.com/articles/14495 (October 11, 2004), ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ. 665 Id. 175 Ʌɢɛɢʁɚ ɉɨɜɨɞɨɦ ɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɭ Ʌɢɛɢʁɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʁɟ  ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪɚ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɞɨɧɢɨ ʁɟɞɧɨɝɥɚɫɧɭ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɭ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɜɥɚɫɬɢɦɚ ɭ Ʌɢɛɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɭɜɨɞɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɪɡɚɜɚ ɢɦɨɜɢɧɚ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɢɤɚɚɧɚɫɢɥɧɚɪɟɩɪɟɫɢʁɚɰɢɜɢɥɧɢɯɞɟɦɨɧɫɬɪɚɧɚɬɚ, ɤɨʁɚʁɟɭɬɨɤɭ, ɩɨɜʁɟɪɚɜɚ ɧɚɢɫɬɪɚɝɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɦɫɭɞɭ ɭɏɚɝɭ. ɍɫɜɨʁɨʁɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɩɪɟɰɢɡɢɪɚɨɞɚ Äɋɜɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɟ ʄɟ ɨɞɦɚɯ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɟɦʁɟɪɟ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɚɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɝɢɥɢɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɝɫɧɚɞɛɢʁɟɜɚʃɚɩɪɨɞɚʁɟɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚɢɥɢɫɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɥɚɫɜɢɯɜɪɫɬɚɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɢ ɦɭɧɢɰɢʁɭ Ʌɢɛɢʁɫɤɨʁ Ⱥɪɚɩɫɤɨʁ ȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɢ ɧɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɢɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ʃɟɧɢɯ ɞɪɠɚɜʂɚɧɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɭɬɟɦɛɪɨɞɨɜɚɢɥɢɜɚɡɞɭɯɨɩɥɨɜɚɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟ³ 666 ɍɢɫɬɨʁɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɫɭɧɚɜɟɥɢɞɚÄɫɢɫɬɟɦɚɬɫɤɢɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚ ɭ Ʌɢɛɢʁɫɤɨʁ Ⱥɪɚɩɫɤɨʁȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɢ ɦɨɝɭɫɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɬɢɤɚɨɡɥɨɱɢɧɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɱɨɜʁɟɱɧɨɫɬɢ³667 ɍɢɡʁɚɜɢɞɚɬɨʁɧɚɤɨɧɭɫɜɚʁɚʃɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɍɇ-ɚȻɚɧɄɢɆɭɧʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɨ ɞɚ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɜɥɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚɢɨɡɛɢʂɧɟɩɨɜɪɟɞɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚʂɭɞɫɤɢɯɩɪɚɜɚɢ ɯɭɦɚɧɢɬɚɪɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ Ƚɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɢ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪ ʁɟ ɡɚɤʂɭɱɢɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɞɚʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬ>ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ@ɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫɨɦɨɞɥɭɱɢɨɞɚɩɪɟɭɡɦɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɡɚɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ668 ɍɞɪɭɝɨʁɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɢɩɨɢɫɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɨɞɨɛɪɢɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɭɫɰɢʂɟɦɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚɡɨɧɟɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɥɟɬɚɢɡɧɚɞɅɢɛɢʁɟɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟÄɫɜɢɯ 666 ȰRes /1970/2011 667 Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢɍɇɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɰɟɧɬɪɚ http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=37633&Cr=Libya&Cr1ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 668 Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢɍɇɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝɰɟɧɬɪɚ http://www.un.org/apps/news/infocus/sgspeeches/search_full.asp?statID=1096ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 176 ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ³ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɰɢɜɢɥɚ ɨɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ669 ɋɨɭɱɟɧɢ ɫɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɲʄɭɩɨɪɚɡɚ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɢɯɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʁɭɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɭɡɢɦɚʃɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɱɤɢ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɪɚɞɢɭɫɜɨʁɨʁɢɡʁɚɜɢɨɞɦɚɪɬɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɫɟɧɚɬɨɪɢ ȹɨɧ Ɇɟɤɟʁɧ ɢ ȹɨ Ʌɢɛɟɪɦɚɧ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɞɚ Äɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ  ɧɚ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɦ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɚ ɜɨʁɧɟ ɩɨɦɨʄɢ ɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟɛɟ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɨ ɧɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ Ʌɢɛɢʁɫɤɨɦ Ⱥɪɚɩɫɤɨɦ ȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɨɦ³670 Ɏɢɥɢɩ Ʉɪɨɭɥɢ ɩɨɦɨʄɧɢɤ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚ ɡɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɫ ʁɚɜɧɨɲʄɭɢɡʁɚɜɢɨ ʁɟɢɫɬɨɝɞɚɧɚɞɚ ɫɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɫɜɚɤɨɝɚɭ Ʌɢɛɢʁɢɢɧɟɝɢɪɚɨ ʁɟɧɚɜɨɞɟɞɚɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɬɪɚɠɢɥɟɨɞɋɚɭɞɢʁɫɤɟȺɪɚɛɢʁɟ ɞɚɞɨɫɬɚɜɢɨɪɭɠʁɟɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɨʁɨɩɨɡɢɰɢʁɢ671 ɍɩɪɤɨɫɩɨɱɟɬɧɨɦʁɚɫɧɨɦɫɬɚɜɭ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟɜɟɪɟɦɟɧɨɦɫɟɩɨʁɚɱɚɜɚɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤɞɚ ɫɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɟ ɫɧɚɝɟ ɩɚ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɦɢɫɥɭ ɢ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɬɭɦɚɱɢɬɢ ɢɡʁɚɜɭ ɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚɏɢɥɚɪɢ Ʉɥɢɧɬɨɧ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɚɜɟɥɚɞɚÄɦɨɠɟɞɨʄɢɞɨɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨɝɬɪɚɧɫɮɟɪɚɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚ³ɤɚɞɚɫɟɨɛɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɬɭɦɚɱɟɤɚɨɰʁɟɥɢɧɚɬɟɢɡʁɚɜɭɚɦɟɪɢɱɤɨɝɚɦɛɚɫɚɞɨɪɚɩɪɢɍɇ-ɭ ɋɭɡɚɧ Ɋɚʁɫ ɤɨʁɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɢ ɞɚ ɋȺȾ ɧɢɫɭ ɞɨɧɢʁɟɥɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɞɚ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʁɭ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɟ ɪɟɜɨɥɭɰɢɨɧɚɪɟÄɚɥɢɧɢɫɭ ɧɢɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɥɟɬɭɨɩɰɢʁɭ³672 ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɢɡ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɜɚʃɟ ɥɢɛɢʁɫɤɢɯɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚɛɢɥɨɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɧɨɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɪɚɞɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɨɪɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚɭɄɟɧɬɭɩɪɨɮɟɫɨɪɇɢɤɨɥɚɫȽɪɢɮɫɦɚɬɪɚɞɚɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɚɨɞɦɚɪɬɚ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢ ɨɫɧɚɠɭʁɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ʁɟɪ ɧɚɥɚɠɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɢɰɚɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨ Äɫɬɪɨɝɨ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟ³ ɉɪɟɦɚ ʃɟɝɨɜɨɦ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ ʁɟ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɩɭɲɬɟɧɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɥɭɱɢ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɞɚ ɩɨɨɲɬɪɢ 669 ȰRes/1973/2011 670 Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ http://mccain.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=PressOffice.PressReleases&ContentRecord_id=9aa 91d97-abfd-257b-803c-d6d36bf939dbɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 671 Ⱦɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢ http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/03/08/state_department_arming_libyan_opposition_would_be _illegalɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 672 ȾɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɢɥɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɨɝɞɧɟɜɧɨɝɥɢɫɬɚȽɚɪɞɢʁɚɧ http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/mar/30/arming-libya-rebels-america-warnedɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 177 ɫɭɫɩɟɧɞɭʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɤɢɧɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɭʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨ673 ɉɪɟɦɚ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɚɭɬɨɪɚ ɨɜɟ ɞɢɫɟɪɬɚɰɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚ ʁɟɞɧɨʁ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɭɅɢɛɢʁɢɢɡɜɪɲɢɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚɧɨɪɦɚɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ʁɟɫɬɟɩɭɬɟɦKɨɦɢɬɟɬɚ ɡɚ ɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɨɦ ɚ ɤɨʁɢɦɨɠɟɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤɨɞɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚɭɜɨɡɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚɈɛɡɢɪɨɦɞɚ Kɨɦɢɬɟɬ ɱɢɧɟ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɢʄɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɤɨɧɫɟɧɡɭɫ ɨɤɨ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟɝ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪʁɟɲɢ ɤɪɢɡɚɭɅɢɛɢʁɢ ɇɚɜɟɞɟɧɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɢ ɫɜʁɟɞɨɱɟ ɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɜɟɪɡɧɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɍ ɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɟɦ ɩɨɝɥɚɜʂɭ ʄɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɪɚɧɚ ɜɚɥɢɞɧɨɫɬ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɭ ɫɜʁɟɬɥɭ ɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɩɪɚɜɭ 673 Id. ȼɢɞɢɬɚɤɨɻɟɢɡʁɚɜɭȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝɫɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɚɇȺɌɈ-ɚȺɧɞɟɪɫɚɊɚɫɦɭɫɟɧɚɤɨʁɢʁɟɧɚɜɟɨÄɆɚɧɞɚɬ ɍɇ-ɚɧɚɦɩɨɜʁɟɪɚɜɚɩɪɨɜɨɻɟʃɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɆɢɧɢɫɦɨɭɅɢɛɢʁɢɞɚɛɢɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɜɚɥɢɧɟɝɨ ɞɚɛɢɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɢʂɭɞɟ³ɇɟɢɦɟɧɨɜɚɧɢɢɡɜɨɪȽɚɪɞɢʁɚɧɚɤɨʁɢʁɟɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɜɚɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɫɤɭɜɥɚɞɭɢɡʁɚɜɢɨʁɟ Äɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɞɚɫɟɞɜɢʁɟɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɭɡɦɭɤɚɨɰʁɟɥɢɧɚɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɨɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɜɚʃɟɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚɥɢɱɢ ɧɚ ɢɦɚɝɢɧɚɬɢɜɧɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɩɪɟɬɚɰɢʁɭ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋȺȾ-ɚ ɇɟ ɜʁɟɪɭʁɟɦ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚɨ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɟɭɜɢɞɢɤɚɞɚʁɟɭɫɜɚʁɚɨɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ³ 178 Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟɝɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɞɟɪɨɝɚɰɢʁɭɩɪɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ȳɟɞɚɧɚɭɬɨɪ ɬɜɪɞɢɞɚ [ɭ@ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɩɬɨɪɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɱɚɤ ɧɢ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟ ɦʁɟɪɟɤɚɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟɧɚɫɜɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦɫɭɤɨɛɭ ʁɟɪɤɚɨɬɚɤɚɜɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɩɨɞɪɢɜɚ ɫɛɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɭʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɢɞɚɫɟɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢɦɩɪɚɜɨɦ674 Ⱦɪɭɝɢ ɬɜɪɞɟ ɞɚ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɚɥɢ ɭ ɫɭɲɬɢɧɢɧɟɧɟɝɢɪɚɬɨɩɪɚɜɨ 675 Ⱦɪɭɝɢɦɪɢʁɟɱɢɦɚɤɚɞɚɫɭɫɭɨɱɟɧɟɫɚɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɦ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɦɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɦɨɝɭɧɚɫɬɚɜɢɬɢɞɚɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɤɨɪɢɫɬɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɭɫɢɥɭ ɞɚɛɢɫɟɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɟʁɟɪɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɟɩɨɧɢɲɬɚɜɚɬɨɩɪɚɜɨɢɚɤɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɦɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚɤɭɩɢɞɨɞɚɬɧɨɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟɨɞɞɪɭɝɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ676 ɇɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɬɢ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɪɢʁɟɱɢ ɞɟɪɨɝɚɰɢʁɚ  ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɨ ɩɨɥɚɡɧɨɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɟɩɨɨɜɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɇɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɦɧɨɝɨɪɚɩɫɩɪɚɜɟɭɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭɩɪɚɜɞɟɢɥɢɧɚɞɪɭɝɨɦɦʁɟɫɬɭɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɨɧɨɝɚɲɬɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚµɞɟɪɨɝɚɰɢʁɭ ɭ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɪɢʁɟɱɧɢɤɭ ɪɢʁɟɱ ɞɟɪɨɝɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɡɧɚɱɚɜɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ  ɞʁɟɥɢɦɢɱɧɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ ɢɥɢ ɭɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɞɚ ɞɨɻɟ ɞɨ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨɝ ɧɟɝɢɪɚʃɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢɥɨ ɨ ɞɟɪɨɝɚɰɢʁɢ ʁɟɪɢɫɚɦɭɬɢɰɚʁɧɚɩɟɪɟɦɬɨɪɧɭɧɨɪɦɭɤɚɤɜɚ ʁɟɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɨɝɚɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɢɦ Ɉɜɚɤɚɜ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɦɚ ɜɢɲɟ ɲɚɧɫɟ ɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧ ɭ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧɫɩɨʂɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɢɤɚɞɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɧɨɫɧɨɤɚɞɚɢɧɚɱɟɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɧɨɪɦɚɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ 674 Carin Kahgan, Jus Cogens and the Inherent Right to Self-Defense, 3 I.L.S.A. Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1997, 767 ɫɬɪ 825-26. 675 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ 107. 676 ȼɢɞɢ id. 179 ɍ ɬɚɤɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢ ɞɟɪɨɝɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɚɦɨ ɞɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɞɨɤ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɨɞɪɠɚɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ 677 ɉɪɢɦʁɟɪɚɪɚɞɢɊɭɚɧɞɚɢɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɫɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɢɞɚɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɨɦɟɬɚʃɢɯɨɜɨɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɨɨɛɚ ɩɭɬɚɬɚɤɨɲɬɨʁɟɭɤɢɧɭɨɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɨɪɭɠʁɟɧɚɦʁɟʃɟɧɨɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɦɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ678 ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚʁɟɢɩɚɤɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɚɤɚɞɚʁɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɡɟɦʂɢɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ679 ɍɬɚɤɜɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɜɚɥɢɞɚɧ ɩɨɡɢɜ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɟʄɟ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɦɨʄ ɧɚɞ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɦ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɟ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɥɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɚ ɩɨɞɪɲɤɚ ɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɰɢɦɚRUF-ɚ ɭ ɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɭ ɭ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟɭ680 Ʉɚɞɚ ʁɟ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɚ ɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚLURD-ɚɢɤɚɞɚʁɟɬɪɚɠɢɥɚɨɞɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚɭɤɢɧɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɬɜɪɞɟʄɢɞɚ ʁɨʁ ʁɟɨɧɟɦɨɝɭʄɚɜɚɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɜɚʁ ɩɭɬ ɧɢʁɟ ɪɟɚɝɨɜɚɨ ɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɢɫɩɭʃɚɜɚɨ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɰɢʂ ɚ ɬɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɚɜɚʃɟ Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɟ ɞɚ ɤɪɲɢ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ681 ɋɥɢɱɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɭ ɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤ Ⱥɯɦɟɞ ɢ ʃɟɝɨɜɚ ɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɭ ɦɨɝɥɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɢɦɚɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɭ ɞɚ ɤɭɩɭʁɭ ɞɨɞɚɬɧɨ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟ ɩɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɨɞɛɢɨɞɚɭɤɢɧɟɢɥɢɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɭʁɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɬɨʁɡɟɦʂɢ ɍɤɪɚɬɤɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɜɥɚɞɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɱɢɧɢ ɡɥɨɞʁɟɥɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɝɪɚɻɚɧɢɦɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧʁɟɪʁɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɚɧɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪ ɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɫɟɩɪɚɜɨɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɫɬɚɜʂɚɜɚɧɫɧɚɝɟɋ ɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨʁɟɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɚɤɨʁɟɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨʁɜɥɚɞɢ ɤɨʁɚɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɧɢɤɚɤɜɭɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɫɭɨɱɟɧɚ ɫɚ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɟʄɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɨɦ ɫɩɨʂɚ ʁɟɪ ɬɨ ɧɢʁɟ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɧɟɝɨɭɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɱɢɧɤɨʁɢɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚɬɚɤɜɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɟȿɦɛɚɪɝɨʄɟɛɢɬɢɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɫɜɟɞɨɤɧɟɛɭɞɟɭɤɢɧɭɬ ɛɚɪɟɦɭɞɢʁɟɥɭɤɨʁɢɫɟ 677 ɑɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚ 678 ȼɢɞɢS/Res/1011/1995; S/Res/1171/1998. 679 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ 107. 680 ȼɢɞɢ S/Res/1343/2001. 681ȼɢɞɢS/Res/1408/2002 180 ɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɟɡɚɜɥɚɞɢɧɟɫɧɚɝɟ ɢɥɢɞɨɤɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɫɬɚɜɢɜɚɧ ɫɧɚɝɟɩɪɚɜɨɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɚɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɫɢɥɭɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟɦɦʁɟɪɚɤɨʁɟɫɭ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟɞɚɛɢɫɟɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ ɉɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɚɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɝɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ Ⱥɤɨ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɩɨɝɚɻɚ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɞɚɥɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɱɥɚɧɢɰɟɍɇ-ɚɢɦɚʁɭɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɝɚɧɟɩɨɲɬɭʁɭɢɞɚɲɚʂɭ ɨɪɭɠʁɟɞɪɠɚɜɢɤɨʁɚʁɟɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɨɦɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɚ"ɉɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɚɭɬɨɪɢɢɡɧɨɫɟɬɚɤɜɟɫɬɚɜɨɜɟ >Ɉ@ɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚɦɟʄɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɦɟɬɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɪɲɟ ɧɨɪɦɟjus cogensɌɚɤɜɟɦʁɟɪɟɫɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɧɟɢɧɢʁɟɞɧɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɫɢʂɟɧɚ ɞɚ ɢɯ ɩɨɲɬɭʁɟ ʁɟɪ ɛɢ ʃɢɯɨɜɢɦ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɨɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɞʁɟɥɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɤɪɲɟ ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɭ ɢ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɭ ɩɟɪɟɦɩɬɨɪɧɭɧɨɪɦɭɤɨʁɚɫɥɭɠɢɨɱɭɜɚʃɭɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɪɟɞɚ682 ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɬɚɤɚɜɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɧɫɬɚɜɛɢɩɪɢʁɟɜɨɞɢɨɭɚɧɚɪɯɢʁɭɧɟɝɨɲɬɨɛɢɭɬɢɰɚɨ ɧɚɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɄɚɨɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɦɨɠɟɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɢɡʁɚɜɚɬɚɞɚɲʃɟɝɆɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɜɚʃɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɥɨɜɚɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɋɬɪɨɛɚɌɚɥɛɨɬɚ ɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɨɝȻɨɫɧɢɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ Ɇɢ ɫɦɨ ɛɢɥɢ ɭɛɢʁɟɻɟɧɢ ɬɚɞɚ ɚ ɭɛɢʁɟɻɟɧɢ ɫɦɨ ɢ ɫɚɞɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɪɚɧɨ ɭɤɢɞɚʃɟ >ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ@ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɤɚɬɚɫɬɪɨɮɭ Ɍɚɤɜɢɦ ɩɨɬɟɡɨɦ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɛɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɲɢɥɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɭ ɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɍɇ-ɚ Ɍɨ ɛɢ ɨɯɪɚɛɪɢɥɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɡɟɦʂɟɞɚɢɡɚɛɟɪɭɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɤɨʁɟʄɟɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢɤɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɨɧɚɤɨʁɨɦ ɫɟɧɚɦɟʄɭɫɚɧɤɰɢʁɟɋɚɞɚɦɭɏɭɫɟɢɧɭ683 682 Carin Kahgan, Jus Cogens and the Inherent Right to Self-Defense, 3 I.L.S.A. Journal of International and Comparative Law, 1997, 767 ɫɬɪ 825. 683 Senate Select Committee RQ,QWHOOLJHQFH 0D\ ɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚ http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1996_hr/s960523t.htm, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨɝɨɞɢɧɟ 181 Ȼɨʂɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ʁɟ ɨɧɚʁ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɱɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɟɦɚʁɭ ɩɪɚɜɨɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɭʁɭɞɚɥɢɞɚɩɨɲɬɭʁɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɢɥɢɧɟʁɟɪɛɢɬɚɤɜɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɭɱɢɧɢɥɚ ɜɢɲɟɲɬɟɬɟɧɟɝɨɤɨɪɢɫɬɢȿɦɛɚɪɝɨɛɢɬɪɟɛɚɥɨɩɨɲɬɨɜɚɬɢɫɜɟɞɨɤɧɟɛɭɞɟɭɤɢɧɭɬɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢ ɬɪɟɛɚɨ ɜɨɞɢɬɢ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɨɫʁɟɬʂɢɜɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɭɤɨʁɢɦɚɫɟɧɚɩɚɞɧɭɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɨɠɟɧɚʄɢɤɚɞɚʁɨʁʁɟɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɡɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɛɢɬɪɟɛɚɨɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɚɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɭ ɦʁɟɪɢɭɤɨʁɨʁʁɟɬɨɦɨɝɭʄɟɑɢɧɢɫɟɞɚɢɩɪɚɤɫɚɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟɬɚɤɜɨɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɨ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ Ɋɭɚɧɞɢ ɢ ɋɢʁɟɪɚ Ʌɟɨɧɟɭ ʁɟɪ ʁɟ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɨ ɢɫɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚ ɧɚɦʁɟʃɟɧɨɝ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɢɦɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ684 Ⱥɤɨɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɧɟɭɤɢɧɟɢɥɢɧɟɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɭʁɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɭɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɢɦ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɨɧɞɚ ɛɢɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɫɭɞ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɨ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɩɪɟɦɚɧ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɥɭɲɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɟɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɭɜɟɞɟɧɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɬɪɟɛɚɨɛɢ ɨ ɬɨɦɟɞɨɧɢʁɟɬɢɨɞɥɭɤɭɂɚɤɨɛɢɬɚɤɚɜɩɪɨɰɟɫɜʁɟɪɨɜɚɬɧɨɛɢɨɫɭɜɢɲɟɞɭɝɨɬɪɚʁɚɧɞɚ ɛɢɢɦɚɨɛɢɥɨɤɚɤɜɭɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɭɜɪɢʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɩɨɦɨɝɚɨɛɢɞɚɫɟɫɬɜɨɪɟɫɦʁɟɪɧɢɰɟɨɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭɪɚɞɢɛɭɞɭʄɢɯɫɥɢɱɧɢɯɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɚɬɚɉɨɲɬɨɨɞɥɭɤɟɋɭɞɚɢɝɪɚʁɭɜɚɠɧɭɭɥɨɝɭ ɭ ɫɬɜɚɪɚʃɭ ɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɢɡʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɛɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɪɚɡʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɇɚɞɚʂɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ʁɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɤɚɨ µɝɥɚɜɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɫɤɨɝ ɨɪɝɚɧɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɞɚ ɪɢʁɟɲɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɫɩɨɪɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢɯɫɬɪɚɧɚɚɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɟɬɢɯɩɪɚɜɧɢɯ ɩɢɬɚʃɚ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɋɭɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɛɢɬɢ ɜɚɠɚɧ ɢ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɚɧ ɮɚɤɬɨɪ ɭ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚʃɭɦɢɪɧɨɝɪʁɟɲɟʃɚɫɩɨɪɚ¶685 684 ȼɢɞɢ S/Res/1011/1995; S/Res/1171/1998 685 Case Concerning United States Diplomatic And Consular Staff in Tehran (U.S. v. Iran) 1980 ICJ. Reports 3 ɫɬɪ46-47. ȼɢɞɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɱɥɚɧ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ (µɄɚɞɚ ɛɭɞɟ ɱɢɧɢɨ ɩɪɟɩɨɪɭɤɟ ɩɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɱɥɚɧɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɬɚɤɨɻɟʁɟɞɭɠɚɧɜɨɞɢɬɢɪɚɱɭɧɚɞɚɫɟɩɪɚɜɧɢɫɩɨɪɨɜɢɩɨɩɪɚɜɢɥɭɢɦɚʁɭ ɭɩɭʄɢɜɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɩɚɪɧɢɱɧɢɯ ɫɬɪɚɧɚ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɫɚɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɨɞɪɟɞɛɚɦɚ ɋɬɚɬɭɬɚ ɬɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ¶). 182 Ɉɞɧɨɫ ɢɡɦɟɻɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɢɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɉɨɫɬɨʁɢɜɢɲɟɮɚɤɬɨɪɚɤɨʁɟɬɪɟɛɚɭɡɟɬɢɭɨɛɡɢɪɤɚɞɚɫɟɬɜɪɞɢ ɞɚɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɟɢ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɟɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɥɢɲɚɜɚʁɟɞɧɭɞɪɠɚɜɭʃɟɧɨɝɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɄɪɢɫɬɢɧȽɪɟʁʁɟɞɚɧɨɞɚɭɬɨɪɚ, ɩɨɬɨɦɩɢɬɚʃɭɧɚɜɨɞɢ Ʉɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɜɚɤɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɚɭɬɨɦɚɬɫɤɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨ ɤɪɲɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɬɚɤɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɛɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɢɥɨ ɞɢɫɤɪɟɰɢɨɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɞɚɩɪɟɞɭɡɦɟɦʁɟɪɟɭɫɤɥɚɞɭɫɚɱɥɚɧɨɦ686 ɢɥɢɲɢɥɨɛɢ ɝɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɧɨɝ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɞɚ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɚɤ ɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɭ ɤɨʁɚ ɤɪɲɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɢɥɢɞɚɩɨɤɭɲɚɞɚɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɟɫɤɚɥɚɰɢʁɭɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚ. ɋɜɚɤɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ʁɟ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɭɬ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɬɜɪɞɢɬɢɞɚʃɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɚɩɪɟɦɚɉɨɜɟʂɢɢɦɚʁɭɧɚɞɦɨʄɧɚɞɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɦɧɚ ɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ687 Ⱦɚɤɥɟɧɢʁɟɫɜɚɤɢɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɚɭɬɨɦɚɬɫɤɢɧɟɞɨɫʂɟɞɚɧɱɥɚɧɭɧɟɝɨɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɭɫɬɪɨɝɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɦɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɬɨɦɨɠɟɛɢɬɢɉɨɪɟɞɬɨɝɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɡɚɤɪɲɟʃɟɧɨɪɦɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɛɢɢɦɚɥɚɡɧɚɬɧɟɩɨɬɟɲɤɨʄɟɤɨɞ ɭɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɛɢɥɨ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɞɪɭɝɨɝ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɬɢʁɟɥɚ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɚʁɟʃɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɻɟɧɨ ɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɚɤɨµɧɟɜɢɧɚ¶ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɟɦɚɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢɡɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɡɛɨɝɧɚɦɟɬɚʃɚɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɛɢɬɪɟɛɚɨ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɞɢɬɢɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɟɦɛɚɪɝɚɧɚɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɞɨɡɜɨɥɢɜɥɚɞɢɬɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢ Ɉɜɚɤɜɨɪʁɟɲɟʃɟɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɨɩɚɫɚɧɩɪɟɰɟɞɟɧɬɤɨʁɢɛɢɩɨɞɪɢɜɚɨɫɥɨɛɨɞɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɜɪɲɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɭɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɛɢ ɩɨɦɨɝɚɨ ɨɜɨɦ ɬɢʁɟɥɭ ɞɚ ɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ688 686 ȼɢɞɢɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨ ɉɨɜɟʂɚɍɇ-ɚɱɥɚɧ(µɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢʁɟɨɜɥɚɲʄɟɧɞɚɨɞɥɭɱɢɤɨʁɟʄɟɫɟ ɦʁɟɪɟɤɨʁɟɧɟɩɨɜɥɚɱɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɟɫɢɥɟɭɨɩɬɪɢʁɟɛɢɬɢɪɚɞɢɢɡɜɪɲɟʃɚʃɟɝɨɜɢɯɨɞɥɭɤɚɢɦɨɠɟ ɭɩɭɬɢɬɢɩɨɡɢɜɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚɞɚɫɟɫɚɨɛɪɚɡɟɬɢɦɦʁɟɪɚɦɚ¶). 687 Gray, International Law and Use of Force,ɫɬɪ 106. 688 ɉɨɜɟʂɚɍɇ-ɚɱɥɚɧ  183 ɁȺɄȴɍɑȺɄ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɫɬɭɛɨɜɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɫɚɧɚ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɢ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ʁɨɲɭɜʁɟɤ ɫɬɨʁɟɢɚɤɨ ʁɟɭ ɬɨɤɭɩɪɨɰɟɫʃɢɯɨɜɟ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟɍɩɨɪɢɲɬɟɡɚɨɜɚɤɚɜɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɦɨɠɟɦɨɧɚʄɢɭɬɜɪɞʃɢȾɚɧɢʁɟɥɚ Ȼɟɬɥɟɯɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɞɚ µ>ɩ]ɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɭ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɜɚɤɨʁ  ɦɨɝɭʄɨʁ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɢ  ɞɨɜɟɥɨ ʁɟ ɞɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɞɟɜɢʁɚɰɢʁɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɭɱɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ’689 ɉɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚʃɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɭ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɚɫɩɟɤɚɬɚ ɡɚɞʃɟ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɟ ɭɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɢɡɨɛɥɢɱɚɜɚʃɟ ɧɨɪɦɢ ɤɨʁɟ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɲɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ȿɤɫɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɫɢɥɟ ɨɫɬɚʁɟ prima facie ɧɟɥɟɝɚɥɧɚ ɚɥɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɥɚɤɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɩɪɢʁɟ  ɝɨɞɢɧɚ ɋɚ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɬɢɱɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɤɨɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɧɟɦɚ ɫɭɦʃɟɞɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɢɞɚʂɟɢɦɚɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɭɭɥɨɝɭɤɨɞɨɞɨɛɪɚɜɚʃɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟɋɞɪɭɝɟɫɬɪɚɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɟɩɪɢɪɨɞɟɭɪɚɞɭɨɜɨɝɚɬɢʁɟɥɚɢɞɚʂɟɫɭ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɧɚɩɚɩɨɧɟɤɚɞɡɚɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɨɜɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɛɢɪɚʁɭɨɩɰɢʁɭɞɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɭɧɢɥɚɬɟɪɚɥɧɨ Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɭ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɞɨɛɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɜɢʁɚ ɭɝɥɚɜɧɨɦ ɜɚɧ ɨɤɜɢɪɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɲɬɨɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɭʁɟɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɭɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɨɛɢɦɚ ɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤɚɨɞɡɚɛɪɚɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɆɨɠɟɦɨɫɟɫɚɦɨɧɚɞɚɬɢɞɚʁɟ ɧɨɜɚɩɪɚɤɫɚɩɪɢɜɪɟɦɟɧɚɞɟɜɢʁɚɰɢʁɚɚ ɧɟɧɚɝɨɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɧɨɜɟɟɪɟɝɞʁɟɫɟjus ad bellum ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟɫɚɜɟʄɨɦɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɨɲʄɭ. (ɉɢɬɚʃɟɬɟɠɢɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɚ) ɂɩɨɜɪɲɧɚɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɩɪɚɤɫɟɩɨɤɚɡɭʁɟɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɪɢɫɜɚʁɚʁɭɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɫɢɥɨɦ ɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɤɨʁɢɫɚɦɢɩɨɫɟɛɢɧɟɛɢɦɨɝɥɢɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢµɧɚʁɬɟɠɟɨɛɥɢɤɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ¶ ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪɚ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ ʁɟ ɫɩɨɦɟɧɭɬɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɦ ɫɢɥɨɦ ɨɞ 689 D Betlehem, ‘International Law and the Use of Force: the Law as It Is and as It Should Be’ (written evidence to the Select Committee on Foreign Affairs-Minutes of Evidence, 8.6.2004.) para. 21 ɩɪɟɭɡɟɬɨɫɚɢɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɫɬɪɚɧɢɰɟ www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmfaff/441/4060808.htm, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 184 ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɢ Ɍɭɪɫɤɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɢɡɚɡɜɚɧɢ ɩɪɟɤɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ690 ɂɚɤɨ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚɝɨɜʁɟɲɬɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɢ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɢʁɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɢ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɦɚʃɟɝ ɨɛɢɦɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɭ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ʁɨɲ ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɢɝɪɚ ɤʂɭɱɧɭ ɭɥɨɝɭ ɤɨɞ ɨɞɥɭɱɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɫɭɞɫɤɢɦ ɬɢʁɟɥɢɦɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɫɭɞɩɪɚɜɞɟʁɟɭɜɢɲɟɧɚɜɪɚɬɚɩɨɬɜɪɞɢɨɞɚɬɪɟɛɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɢɦɚɥɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɍ ɋɥɭɱɚʁɭ µɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ¶ ɟɤɫɩɥɢɰɢɬɧɨ ʁɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜʂɟɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ µɧɚʁɬɟɠɢɯ¶ ɢ µɦɚʃɟɬɟɲɤɢɯɨɛɥɢɤɚ¶ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɭɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɭɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɝɤɨɧɮɥɢɤɬɚɂɚɤɨʁɟ ɋɭɞ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɥɢ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ  ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɭ ɩɨɝɟɥɞɭ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɦɨɠɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɢɬɢ ɫɚɦɨɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɧɚɩɚɞɟɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨɛɢɦɚ691 ɂɤɚɞɚ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɚɦɨ ɫɬɚɜɨɜɟɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɯ ɬɢʁɟɥɚ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɛɢɥɨ ʁɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ ɢ ɡɚ ɉɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɭ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɢ ȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟ ɱɢʁɚ ɫɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɡɚɫɧɢɜɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɨɜɚʃɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ µɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɫɤɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ¶ ɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɜɥɚɱɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ692 690 ɍ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟɝ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ Ʉɚɧɢɡɚɪɨ ʁɟ ɧɩɪ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɬɢɨ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɏɟɡɛɨɥɚɯɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɢɥɢɚɤɰɢʁɢɤɨʁɭʁɟɂɡɪɚɟɥɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɅɢɛɚɧɚɜɟɨɦɚɫɥɢɱɧɢɬɢɩɭɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɦɚɦɢɲʂɟʃɭ ɫɭɞɚ >ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ @ ɧɟ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɜɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚʃɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɦ &DQQL]DURµ&RQWH[WXDOL]LQJ3URSRUWLRQDOLW\-XVDGEHOlum and jus in bello in the Lebanese War ’ ,88/864 International Revue of the Red Cross, ɫɬɪ 691 ɋɭɤɨɛ ɧɚ Ȼɥɢɫɤɨɦ ɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɦɭɫɥɢɦɚɧɫɤɚ ɦɢɥɢɬɚɧɬɧɚ ɝɪɭɩɚ ɏɟɡɛɨɥɚɯ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɩɨʁɚɜɢɥɚɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɭɢɧɜɚɡɢʁɭɧɚɅɢɛɚɧɝɨɞɢɧɟɏɟɡɛɨɥɚɯɢɦɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɨɢɜɨʁɧɨ ɤɪɢɥɨɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɲɟɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɅɢɛɚɧɚɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɟɭɜɥɚɫɬɢɚɥɢɧɟɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɢɡɧɚɬɢ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɜɥɚɞɢɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɥɢ ɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ ɡɚɪɚʄɟɧɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɫɜɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɦɭ ɭ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɚʁɭ ɧɩɪ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚʃɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɡɚɪɨɛʂɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɩɪɢɩɚɞɧɢɰɢɦɚ ɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ  ɉɪɟɦɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɭ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɤɨɦɢɬɟɬɚɐɪɜɟɧɨɝɤɪɫɬɚɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɭɱɟɲʄɟɭɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚÄɪɚɬɧɚɞɟʁɫɬɜɚɤɨʁɚɩɨɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢɢɧɚɦʁɟɪɢɦɨɝɭɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɬɢɫɬɜɚɪɧɭɲɬɟɬɭʂɭɞɫɬɜɭɢɨɩɪɟɦɢɧɟɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚ³ Ⱦɚɤɥɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɏɟɡɛɨɥɚɯɚ ɛɢ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɥɢɞɟɪɚ ɬɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɜɪɲɟ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɭ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɞ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɫɧɚɝɚɦɚ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɧɚɞ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨɭɱɟɫɬɜɭʁɭ ɭɫɭɤɨɛɢɦɚɄɚɨɢɤɨɞɫɜɚɤɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɭɦɟɬɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɤɨʁɚɞʁɟɥɭʁɟɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɭɨɜɨɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɂɡɪɚɟɥ ɦɨɪɚɫɟɭɡɞɪɠɚɬɢɨɞɧɚɩɚɞɚɤɨʁɢɛɢɧɚɧɢɨɞɢɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɭ ɲɬɟɬɭ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɨɦ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɭ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɞ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɫɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɤɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɰɢɜɢɥɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɲɬɜɚɢɡɚɪɚʄɟɧɟɫɬɪɚɧɟȼɢɞɢICRC, Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, ɫɬɪ1943; Common Article 3 of the Geneva Conventions of August 12 1949; Additional Protocol II to the Geneva Conventions of August 12 1949, Relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Additional Protocol II), Article 13 (2) 692 Award on Ethiopia’s Jus ad bellum Claims, 45 International Legal Materials, 2006, 430, ɫɬɪ1 – 8. 185 ɋ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɟ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɨɤɨʁɨʁʁɟɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨɛɢɥɨɪɢʁɟɱɢ693 Ɉɜɚɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɦɧɨɝɟ ɚɫɩɟɤɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɨɜɞɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɟɞɚɥɢɫɟɪɢʁɚɦɚʃɢɯɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɚɬɚɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɧɢɯɡɚʁɟɞɧɨɦɨɠɟɩɪɟʄɢɩɪɚɝ ɬɟɠɢɧɟɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚɍɪɟɚɝɨɜɚʃɭɧɚɞʁɟɥɨɜɚʃɟɌɭɪɫɤɟɢɂɡɪɚɟɥɚɜɟɨɦɚɦɚɥɢ ɛɪɨʁɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟɩɨɞɪɠɚɨɬɚɤɜɭɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭɍɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɫɭɞɫɤɟɩɪɚɤɫɟɢɫɬɨɩɢɬɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɪɚɡɦɚɬɪɚɧɨɩɪɟɞɆɋɉ-ɨɦɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧɩɪɨɬɢɜɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ  Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ  ɢ ɧɚɮɬɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɟ  ɋɭɞ ɫɟ ɦɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɧɢʁɟ ʁɚɫɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɢʁɟɥɢɨ ɩɨ ɬɨɦ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ȳɚɫɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɨ µɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ¶ ɩɨɝɨɞɭʁɟ ɨɧɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɭ ɤɪɢɬɢɤɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɫɰɢʁɟɩ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɱɥɚɧɚ    ɢ ɱɥɚɧɚ . ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɟɝ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɟ ɛɢ ɫɦʁɟɥɟ ɩɪɢɛʁɟʄɢ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɤɨɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ Ʉɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚɥɚ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɨɜɚʁ ɪɚɫɰɢʁɟɩ ɛɢ ɛɢɨ ɩɪɟɜɚɡɢɻɟɧɆɟɻɭɬɢɦɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɬɟɪɨɢʁɟɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢɧɢʁɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɧɚɱɢɧɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɬɢɝɧɟ ɬɚʁ ɰɢʂ Ʉɚɨ ɢɥɭɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɚ ɚɥɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨ ɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ ɫɭɞɢʁɟ ɋɢɦɚ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ  ɤɨʁɢ ʁɟ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɨ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɭ ɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ  ɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɨ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯ>ɩɪɢɫɢɥɧɢɯ@ɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɚɤɚɬɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɤɨʁɢɫɟɧɟɤɜɚɥɢɮɢɤɭʁɭ ɤɚɨɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɧɚɩɚɞ694 Ƚɥɟɞɚʁɭʄɢ ɨɛɚ ɝɨɪɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɚɝ ɬɟɠɢɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɚɥɢ ɫɟ ɫɜɟ ɜɢɲɟ ɦɢʁɟʃɚ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟ ɛɢɥɨ ɩɪɢɡɧɚɜɚʃɟɦ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɩɚɞ ɧɢɠɟɝ ɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚ Ɉɛɚ ɩɪɢɫɩɬɭɩɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɭɫɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɟɧɢɯɩɪɚɤɫɨɦɋɭɞɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɟɜɢɦɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɢ Ʉɨɧɝɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɍɝɚɧɞɟ  ɋɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɩɨɥɢɬɢɱɤɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɨɜɨ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɝɥɟɞɚ ɛɥɚɝɨɧɚɤɥɨɧɨ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɫɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɲɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɚɪɝɭɦɟɧɬ ɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬ ɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢɯɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɯɦʁɟɪɚ  ɫɟ ɬɟɲɤɨɦɨɠɟɭɤɥɨɩɢɬɢɫɚɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɨɦ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɜɢ ɩɨɝɥɟɞ ɱɢɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ  ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɧɢʁɟ ɪɢʁɟɲɟʃɟɆɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɚ ɨɜɟ 693 ȼɢɞɢɧɩɪLevenfeld, ‘ Israel’s Counter-Fedayeen Tactics in Lebanon: Self-Defense and Reprisal Under Modern International Law ’ , 21 Columbia Journal of Transntional Law, 1982/83, ɫɬɪ1. 694 Oil platforms case, separate opinion Simma, at paras 13– 14. 186 ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɟ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɭʁɟ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɟ ɧɟɝɚɬɢɜɧɟ ɟɮɟɤɬɟ ɩɨɞɪɢɜɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢ ɩɪɟɬɜɚɪɚ ɬɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɭ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɭɞɨɡɜɨɥɭɡɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɁɛɨɝɬɨɝɚɬɪɟɛɚɫɟɧɚɞɚɬɢɞɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɧɟʄɟ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɬɢ ɬɚɤɜɭ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɭ ɢ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɢɡɛɨɪɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɚ ɡɥɚ ɢɡɚɛɪɚɬɢɨɧɨɦɚʃɟɚɬɨʁɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɩɚɞɧɢɫɤɨɝɢɧɬɟɧɡɢɬɟɬɚɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɩɪɟɤɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɧɚɫɢʂɚ Ⱦɟɛɚɬɟ ɨɤɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟɝ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ  ɡɚɭɡɟɥɟ ɫɭ ɜɟʄɢɧɭ ɩɪɨɫɬɨɪɚ ɭ ɚɤɚɞɟɦɫɤɨʁ ɞɟɛɚɬɢ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɢɫɬɢɧɫɤɨ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɭ ɩɨɝɥɟɞɭɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɩɪɚɤɫɟɞɪɠɚɜɚɜɟɡɚɧɟɡɚɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɝ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚɬɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ (ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ) ȼɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟ ɧɚɥɚɡɢ ɩɨɞ ɩɪɢɬɢɫɤɨɦ ɨɞ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɯ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɉɨɡɢɜɚʃɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɧɚʁɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɢʁɢ ɢɡɚɡɨɜ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɢʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ȼɟʄɢɧɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɨɞɛɚɰɢɥɚ ʁɟ ɨɜɚɤɜɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɤɚɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɩɬ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɲɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ȳɚɜɧɢ ɩɪɚɜɨɛɪɚɧɢɥɚɰ ȼɟɥɢɤɟ Ȼɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɱɚɧ ɭ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɬɜɪɞʃɢ ɞɚ µɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɢ ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟɞɚɛɢɫɟɩɨɜɟɨɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɢɧɚɩɚɞɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɤɨʁɚʁɟɦɚʃɟɢɡɝɥɟɞɧɚ¶695 ɍɫɜɨɦɢɡɜʁɟɲɬɚʁɭɩɨɞɧɚɡɢɜɨɦ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɜɟʄɨʁ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɢ ɄɨɮɢȺɧɚɧ ʁɟ ɛɢɨ ʁɟɞɧɚɤɨ ʁɚɫɚɧɤɚɞɚʁɟɢɫɬɚɤɚɨɞɚɫɟɱɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɧɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɤɨʁɢɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɢ¶ ɚɥɢ µ>ɝ@ɞʁɟ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɟ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɥɚɬɟɧɬɧɟ ɉɨɜɟʂɚ ɞɚʁɟ ɫɜɚ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɢ 695 Wood, ‘The Law on the Use of Force: Current Challenges ’ , 11 Singapore Yearbook of International Law, 2007, ɫɬɪ 7-8. 187 ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɱɭɜɚɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ¶696 Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨɩɪɟɫɭɞɚ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ  ɭɩɭʄɭʁɟ ɭ ɢɫɬɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɰɭ Ʉɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɜɪɞʃɭ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɥɚɠɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɭ ɫɜɨʁɢɯ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɢɯ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɬʁ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢ  ɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɨ ɑɥɚɧ ɧɟ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɞɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɢʁɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɥɚ ɨɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɨɧɨɫɧɢɦ ɢɧɬɟɪɟɫɢɦɚȾɪɭɝɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɬɨʁɟ ɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɚɝɚʃɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɭ ɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɨɛɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɭ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ 697 ɋɜɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɞɚ ʁɟɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɨɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨʁ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɨɞɛɚɱɟɧɚ ɚ ɫɚɦɢɦ ɬɢɦ ɢ ɩɨɤɭɲɚʁɢ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɱɥɚɧ . ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɭcarte blanche ɡɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɭɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɭ. ɒɬɨʁɟɦɨɠɞɚɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɢʁɟɧɨɜɢʁɚɩɪɚɤɫɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɩɭʄɭʁɟɧɚɡɚɤʂɭɱɚɤɞɚʁɟɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɟɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟɡɚɫʁɟʃɟɧɞɟɛɚɬɨɦɨɤɨɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɟ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɟɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ 698 Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɝɨɪɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɬɚ ɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɥɭɠɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɢɥɨ ɡɧɚɱɟʃɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɍɢɫɬɨɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɲɬɨʁɟɨɞɩɪɟɫɭɞɧɨɝɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɨɧɚɭɬɢɱɟ ɧɚ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɢ ɚɫɩɟɤɬ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭȺɤɨ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɢɪɚɧɢ ɨɧɞɚʄɟɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɛɢɬɢɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɫɥɢʁɟɞɟʄɢɢɚɤɨʁɟɩɪɟɭɪɚʃɟɧɢɥɢɚɤɨʁɟɡɚɤɚɫɧɢɨ ɭɨɞɧɨɫɭɧɚɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢɢɧɰɢɞɟɧɬɤɨʁɢɝɚʁɟɢɡɚɡɚɜɚɨɊɢɡɢɰɢɬɚɤɜɨɝɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɚɫɭɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɢ ʁɟɪ ɭ ɧɚʁɝɨɪɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɭ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɩɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚɫɟɦɨɝɭɨɫɥɨɧɢɬɢɧɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɥɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ sine die. Ⱦɨɤɬɪɢɧɚ ɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢ ɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɢɜɚ ɭɫɥɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɲɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ʉɚɨɲɬɨʁɟɝɨɪɟɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɞɨɤɬɪɢɧɚɨ ɚɤɭɦɭɥɚɰɢʁɢɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚ ɢɦɚɫɜɨʁɟɩɪɢɫɬɚɥɢɰɟ ɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚɚɥɢɧɢɤɚɞɚɧɢʁɟɡɜɚɧɢɱɧɨɩɪɢɯɜɚʄɟɧɚʁɟɪʃɟɧɨɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɚʃɟɧɨɫɢɫɚ ɫɨɛɨɦ ɨɡɛɢʂɧɟ ɪɢɡɢɤɟ ɢ ɩɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɫɤɨ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ. Ʉɚɨ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɪɢɡɢɤɚ ɫɥɭɠɢɈɩɟɪɚɰɢʁɚ Ɍɪɚʁɧɚ ɫɥɨɛɨɞɚ  ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɩɪɜɨɛɢɬɧɨ ɛɢɥɚ 696 In Larger Freedom, UN Doc. A/59/2005, paras 124 – 125. 697 DRC v Uganda para 148. 698 C. Gray, International Law and the Use of Force (3rd edn   ɫɬɪ  >ɭ@ ɩɪɚɤɫɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɪɟɮɟɪɢɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟɧɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɨʁɦɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɢɡɛʁɟɝɥɟ ɮɭɧɞɚɦɟɧɬɚɥɧɭɬɟɨɪɟɬɫɤɭɞɟɛɚɬɭ>ɨɩɪɟɜɟɧɬɢɜɧɨʁɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ] ’ . 188 ɡɚɫɧɨɜɚɧɚɧɚ(ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ) ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɭɱɥɚɧɚ. ɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚɚɥɢɤɨʁɚɫɟɩɪɟɬɜɨɪɢɥɚɭ ɜɨʁɧɭɤɚɦɩɚʃɭɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨɝɬɪɚʁɚʃɚɫɚɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɢɦɫɩɟɤɬɪɨɦɰɢʂɟɜɚȳɚɫɧɨʁɟɞɚ ɫɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɦ ɜɨʁɧɨɦ ɤɚɦɩɚʃɨɦ ɩɪɟɤɨɪɚɱɟɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɱɚɤ ɢ ɧɚʁɲɢɪɟ ɫɯɜɚʄɟɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ Ɇɨɠɟɦɨ ɫɟ ɫɚɦɨ ɧɚɞɚɬɢ ɞɚ ɫɩɪɟɦɧɨɫɬ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢ ɤɜɚɡɢ-ɩɟɪɦɚɧɟɧɬɧɨ  ɫɬɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɢɡɨɥɨɜɚɧɭɞɟɜɢʁɚɰɢʁɭɨɞɝɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɨɝɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚ ɫɤɨɪɢʁɚɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɫɟɭɨɱɚɜɚ ɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɧɚɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɫɯɜɚɬɚʃɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɧɨɝ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɚɜɚ ɫ ɰɢʂɟɦ ɨɞɛɢʁɚʃɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɲɬɨɞɨɜɨɞɢɭɫɭɦʃɭɭɪɨɻɟɧɢɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɨɜɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ (Ɉɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ) Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭɤɚɡɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢɯ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʃɭʁɟ ɧɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɚɧ ɧɚɱɢɧ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɨɦ ɰɢʁɟɥɢ ɧɢɡ ɦʁɟɪɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɧɟ ɫɥɭɠɟ ɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɟ ɫɜɪɯɟ ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɪ ɤɚɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɧɚ Ȼɚɝɞɚɞ  ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɢɥɢ ɛɨɦɛɚɪɞɨɜɚʃɟ ɋɭɞɚɧɚɢȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɫɭɫɟɩɨɡɜɚɥɟɧɚɱɥɚɧ ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɚɥɢ ɫɭ ɢɫɬɢɰɚɥɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɟ ɤɚɨ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɚ699 ɚ ɧɟ ɤɚɨ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚɋɥɢɱɧɨɬɨɦɟɊɭɫɢʁɚɫɟɩɪɢɥɢɤɨɦɨɛʁɚɲʃɚɜɚʃɚɫɜɨʁɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɧɚɤɥɚɧɚɰ ɉɚɧɤɪɢɫɢ ɭȽɪɭɡɢʁɢ, ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɩɨɡɜɚɥɚɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɞɚɫɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɚɧɟɧɚɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɞɚɫɟɛɪɚɧɢ 700 ɋɥɢɱɧɨɬɨɦɟɩɨɬʁɟɪɚɢɪɚɧɫɤɢɯɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɫɧɚɝɚɡɚɤɭɪɞɫɤɢɦɛɨɪɰɢɦɚɭɢɪɚɱɤɭɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɭɧɢʁɟɫɥɭɠɢɥɚɞɚɫɟ‘ɨɞɛɢʁɟɧɚɩɚɞ’ (ɛɢɥɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɚɧ ɢɥɢ ɧɟ) ɧɟɝɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɯɚɩɫɟ ɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɥɰɢ701 ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ ɧɢʁɟ 699 ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɫɟɧɢʁɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɨɫɚɫɬɚɨɞɚɛɢɡɚɭɡɟɨɫɬɚɜ ɩɨɜɨɞɨɦɜɨʁɧɢɯɚɤɰɢʁɚɋȺȾ-ɚɤɚɨ ɲɬɨʁɟɬɨɛɢɨɫɥɭɱɚʁɢɝɨɞɢɧɟɤɚɞɚɫɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟɢɡɜɪɲɢɥɟɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɟɧɚɩɚɞɟɤɚɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɚɤɬɟ ɢ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɟ Ʌɢɛɢʁɟ ɢ ɂɪɚɤɚ ɍ ɨɜɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭ ɭɫɩʁɟɲɧɨ ɛɥɨɤɢɪɚɥɟ ɧɚɩɨɪɟ ɋɭɞɚɧɚ ɞɚ ɢɧɢɰɢɪɚ ɢɫɬɪɚɝɭ ɤɨʁɭ ɛɢ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɛɢ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɥɚ ɢɫɬɢɧɢɬɨɫɬ ɧɚɜɨɞɚ ɋȺȾ-ɚ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɝɨɧ ȿɥ-ɒɢɮɚ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɟɡɚɫɦɪɬɨɧɨɫɧɢÄVX“ ɝɚɫ 700 UN Doc. S/2002/1012. 701 ɍɤɨʁɟɦɫɥɭɱɚʁɭʁɟɬɪɟɛɚɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɩɪɚɜɧɨɦȳɟɞɚɧɨɞɪɢʁɟɬɤɢɯɚɭɬɨɪɚɤɨʁɢɡɚɫɬɭɩɚɬɟɡɭɞɚ ɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɞʁɟɥɨɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɰɚɢɥɢɝɪɭɩɟɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚɦɨɝɭɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɬɢɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɤɨʁɢɯ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɭɡɟɬɢ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɫɜɨʁɢɦ ɨɜɥɚɲɬɟʃɢɦɚ ʁɟ Ⱦɚɧɢʁɟɥ ɉɢɤɚɪɞ Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɠɟ ɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɬɭɦɚɱɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɩɨʁɦɨɜɟ 189 ɭɜɢʁɟɤ ɥɚɤɨ ɭɬɜɪɞɢɬɢ ɦɨɬɢɜɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɬɢɱɭ ɧɚ ɨɞɥɭɤɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɫɢɥɭ ɚ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɩɨɜɭʄɢ ʁɚɫɧɭ ɥɢɧɢʁɭ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɟ ɢ ɨɞɦɚɡɞɟ ɂɩɚɤ ɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞʃɢɦ ɝɨɞɢɧɚɦɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟʄɭʁɟ ɫɟ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚɥɟ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɞɚ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʁɭ ɚɤɰɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɥɭɠɟ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɧɟ-ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɦ ɰɢʂɟɜɢɦɚ Ʉɚɞɚ ɛɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɞɨɤ ɨɧɟ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɰɢʂɟɜɟ ɬɢɦɟ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɢɥɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɩɪɚɜɚɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɚɬɨʁɟʃɟɝɨɜɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɢɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɊɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ɛɢɛɢɨɩɚɪɚɞɨɤɫɚɥɚɧɢɚɤɨʁɟɩɪɚɤɫɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɚɧɟɞɜɨɫɦɢɫɥɟɧɨɨɫɭɻɟɧɚ ɢ ɡɚɛɪɚʃɟɧɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɛɢ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɢɥɚ ɪɟɩɪɟɫɚɥɢʁɟ ɩɪɟɪɭɲɟɧɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ȳɨɲ ʁɟɞɚɧ µɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɨɬɤɥɨɧ¶ɬɢɱɟ ɫɟɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚɞɚɫɟɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɦɨɪɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɭ ɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɜɢʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɋɜɟ ɜɟʄɢɦ ɧɟɩɨɲɬɢɜɚʃɟɦ ɨɜɢɯ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɪɢɡɢɤɭʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɨɞɛɪɚɦɛɟɧɨɝ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɭ ɢɧɫɬɪɭɦɟɧɬ ɡɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɢɰʁɭ ɧɟɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ. (ɋɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ) ɇɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨɧɚɤɨɧɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɨɞɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɪɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɚɭɬɨɪɢ ɫɭ ɩɪɟɡɟɧɬɨɜɚɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ɭɨɩɲɬɟ ɧɟ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɚ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɬɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢʁɢɦɚ ɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɉɪɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɬɜɪɞʃɚɦɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɛɢ ɢɦɚɥɟ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɢɯ ɜɪɫɬɚ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɯ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚɧɚɧɢɜɨɭɦʁɟɲɚɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɈɜɚɤɜɨɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɢɡɚɡɜɚɥɨʁɟɦɧɨɝɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɭɤʂɭɱɭʁɭʄɢɢɨɧɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɍ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ µɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɢ ɡɢɞ¶ɋɭɞ ʁɟɧɚɲɚɨɞɚ ‘ɱɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟ«ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟɩɨɫɬɨʁɚʃɟ ɭɪɨɻɟɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɭ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɧɚɩɚɞɚ ʁɟɞɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɪɨɬɢɜ Äɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ³ɢɥɢÄɩɨɜɪɟɞɚ³ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɚɤɨɛɢɫɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɢɥɚɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɚɞʁɟɥɚ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɚɰɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɧɟ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɭ ɢɦɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ Daniel Pickard, 'When Does Crime Become a Threat to International Peace and Security?' Florida Journal of International Law, 1998. 190 ɞɪɭɝɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ¶ ɢ ɫɬɨɝɚ ɧɢʁɟ ɧɚɲɚɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɂɡɪɚɟɥɚ ɭɫɦʁɟɪɟɧɟ ɤɚ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɭɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɫɚɨɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɌɚɤɨɻɟɫɭɞɫɤɚɜɟʄɢɧɚ ʁɟɨɞɛɚɰɢɥɚɬɜɪɞʃɟɍɝɚɧɞɟɞɚʁɟɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɚɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɤɚɨɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɨɪɭɠɚɧɟ ɧɚɩɚɞɟɩɨɤɪɟɬɚɩɨɛɭʃɟɧɢɤɚɤɨʁɢ ɫɭɞʁɟɥɨɜɚɥɢ ɫɚ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɄɨɧɝɚ ʁɟɪ ɬɢɧɚɩɚɞɢ ɧɢɫɭɦɨɝɥɢɛɢɬɢɩɪɢɩɢɫɚɧɢɄɨɧɝɭɋɭɞ ʁɟ ɞɚɤɥɟ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɨɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɢɦɩɢɬɚʃɟɩɨɞ ɤɨʁɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɚɩɚɞɚɲɢɪɨɤɨɝɨɛɢɦɚɧɟɪɟɝɭɥɚɪɧɢɯɫɧɚɝɚ Ɂɛɨɝ ɧɟɫɢɝɭɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɋɭɞɚ ɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɭɬɢɫɚɤ ɞɚ ɫɭ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢ ɫɢɥɟ ɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚɧɚ Ʉɚɨ ɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨɋɭɞɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ' ɧɢʁɟɢɫɤʂɭɱɢɨɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬɞɚɧɚɩɚɞɢɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɨɦɨɜɢɫɚɧɢ ɭɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢʁɭɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɞɪɠɚɜɟɩɨɞɭɫɥɨɜɨɦɞɚɧɢɜɨɭɦʁɟɲɚɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɟɞɨɫɟɠɟɢɡɜʁɟɫɧɭɦʁɟɪɭ. ɇɚɫɭɩɪɨɬɬɨɦɟɨɱɢɝɥɟɞɧɨ ʁɟɞɚɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟɱɥɚɧɚɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɦ ʁɟ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚ ɞɨɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɚɩɚɞɚ ɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚ ɛɟɡ ɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɬɚɤɜɢɯ ɜɚɞɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɢɡ ʃɟɧɨɝ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɝ ɤɨɧɬɟɤɫɬɚɢɡɚɧɟɦɚɪɭʁɟɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɭɞɚɬɨɩɪɚɜɨɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɤɚɨɢɡɭɡɟɬɚɤɨɞɫɜɟɨɛɭɯɜɚɬɧɟ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɟɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɫɢɥɟɢɡɦɟɻɭɞɪɠɚɜɚ Ɋɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɦɨɠɞɚ ɧɭɞɢ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɧɚɩɚɞɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɚ ɚɥɢ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɧɭɞɢ ɨɛʁɚɲʃɟʃɟ ɡɚɲɬɨ ɛɢ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɞɨɡɜɨʂɟɧɨ ɞɚ ɩɨɜɪɢʁɟɞɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɨɧɢ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ. ɍ ɞɢɥɟɦɢ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɫɬɪɨɝɨɝ ɩɨɲɬɨɜɚʃɚ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɚ ɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɧɨ ɞɪɭɝɚɱɢʁɟɝ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ  ɭɛʁɟɞʂɢɜɢʁɢ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɫɚɜɪɟɦɟɧɚ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɭɤɥɨɩɢ ɭ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɢɨɤɜɢɪʁɟɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɩɪɟɦɚɤɨʁɟɦɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɢɞɚʂɟɫɥɭɠɢɤɚɨ ɨɩɪɚɜɞɚʃɟ ɡɚ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭ ɫɢɥɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɚɥɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɩɪɢɡɧɚʁɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɨɩɪɢɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɭɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɢɢɡ ɤɨʁɟɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɈɜɚɤɜɨɫɤɪɨɦɧɢʁɟɦɨɞɢɮɢɤɨɜɚʃɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɚɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɫɢɥɟɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚɢ ɩɪɚɤɫɚ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ʁɟɪ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɡɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɧɚɫɬɨʁɟ ɞɚ ɭɬɜɪɞɟ ɩɨɜɟɡɚɧɨɫɬ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ ʁɟɞɢɧɢɰɟ – ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɢ ɧɟɮɨɪɦɚɥɧɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟɭɩɢɬɚʃɭɈɧɨɲɬɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝɪɟɠɢɦɚ ʁɟɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɚɞɚɞɪɠɚɜɟɜɢɲɟɧɟɧɚɫɬɨʁɟɞɚɭɬɜɪɞɟɜɟɡɟɤɨʁɟɛɢɛɢɥɟɞɨɜɨʂɧɨɫɧɚɠɧɟ ɞɚɢɫɩɭɧɟ ɬɟɫɬ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɟ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɟ  ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚɩɪɟɫɭɞɨɦɢɡ ɫɥɭɱɚʁɚ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ 191 ɍɦʁɟɫɬɨ ɬɨɝɚ ɬɪɚɠɢ ɫɟ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɯɜɚɬɟ ɚɧɬɢɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɟ ɦʁɟɪɟ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɤɚɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɧɚ ɫɚɭɱɟɫɧɢɤ ɭ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɚɤɨʁɢɞʁɟɥɭʁɭɫɚʃɟɧɟɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟɛɢɥɨɡɛɨɝɩɨɞɪɲɤɟɤɨʁɚɧɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɭɩɪɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɭ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɚ ɛɢɥɨ ɡɛɨɝ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɢɲɬɚ Ɉɧɨ ɲɬɨ ɩɪɜɟɧɫɬɜɟɧɨ ɭɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɨɱɢ ʁɟ ɞɚ ɩɪɨɲɢɪɟʃɟ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɩɪɢɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ ɪɢɡɢɤ ɨɞ ɡɥɨɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɍɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɦ ɫɢɥɟɩɪɨɬɢɜɫɭɛʁɟɤɚɬɚɛɟɡɟɥɟɦɟɧɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɧɨɫɬɢɬɚɤɨɻɟɫɟɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɭɞɪɭɝɢɩɥɚɧ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɨʁɢɧɟɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɢʁɟɜɚʁɭɧɚɪɭɲɚɜɚʃɟ ɫɭɜɟɪɟɧɢɬɟɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɚɨɲɬɨ ɫɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɨɫɭɞɚɩɨɧɚɲɚʃɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɩɪ ɤɪɨɡɪɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨʁɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɡɚɯɬʁɟɜɚ ɨɞ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɢɫɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɤɨʁɢ ɞʁɟɥɭʁɭ ɧɚ ʃɟɧɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ  ɉɨɫɬɟɩeɧɚ ɞɟɜɢʁɚɰɢʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɚ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚ ɨɞɫɬɭɩɚʃɟ ɨɞ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨɝɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɚɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɫɚɧɨɝɭ ɩɪɟɫɭɞɢɢɡɫɥɭɱɚʁɚµɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ¶ɢ Ʉɨɧɝɨ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɍɝɚɧɞɟ Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɢɧɫɢɫɬɢɪɚɬɢ ɧɚ ɱɢʃɟɧɢɰɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɚɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɨɦ ɩɪɟɪɚɫɥɨ ɭ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ ɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɟɧɨ ɨɞ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ Ʉɨɦɢɫɢʁɟɡɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨ702 ɤɚɨɢɧɚɤɧɚɞɧɟɩɪɚɤɫɟɋɭɞɚ703 Ⱥɭɬɨɪɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɢʁɟ ɬɭɦɚɱɟʃɟ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɦɚɬɪɚʁɭ ɞɚ ɱɥɚɧ . ɧɢʁɟ ɩɨɫɬɚɜɢɨ ɧɢɤɚɤɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɢʁɚ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɚ ɤɚɨ ɭɩɨɪɢɲɬɟɡɚɬɨɧɚɜɨɞɟ ɢɡɞɜɨʁɟɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟɫɭɞɢʁɟȹɟɧɢɧɝɫɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭµɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ¶ Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨɮɥɟɤɫɢɛɢɥɧɢʁɢɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɞɢɩɪɢɩɢɫɢɜɚʃɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɢɩɨɝɨɞɭʁɭɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟɫɭɭɜɟʄɨʁɦʁɟɪɢɭɤʂɭɱɟɧɟɭɪɚɬɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚɇɢɲɬɚɨɞɨɜɨɝɚɫɟɧɟɦɨɠɟ ɩɨɫɦɚɬɪɚɬɢɤɚɨɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɪɚɡɜɨʁɞɨɝɚɻɚʁɚɫɚɚɫɩɟɤɬɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ 702 International Law Commission, Rules on State Responisbility, Article 8 (Conduct directed or controled by a State). 703 International Court of Justice, Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), Judgement of 26. February 2007, SDUDɞɨɫɬɭɩɧɨɧɚhttp://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/91/13685.pdf, ɩɨɫʁɟʄɟɧɨ8.10.2010ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 192 (ɋɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɚɢɟɦɛɪɚɝɨ ɧɚɭɜɨɡɨɪɭɠʁɚ) ɍ ɦʁɟɪɢ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɭɝɪɨɠɚɜɚ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɨ ɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɫɢɥɟɭɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɬɚʁɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɬɪɟɛɚɛɢɬɢ ɩɪɢɥɚɝɨɻɟɧɧɚɧɚɱɢɧ ɞɚɨɦɨɝɭʄɢɞɪɠɚɜɢɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭɬɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɨɲɬɨ ʁɟ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨɧɚɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɧɚ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚʃɭɋɚɜʁɟɬɭɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɤɨɞɜɪɲɟʃɚɫɜɨɝɩɪɢɦɚɪɧɨɝɡɚɞɚɬɤɚɨɞɪɠɚɜɚʃɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɦɢɪɚɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɦɨɪɚɡɚɞɪɠɚɬɢɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ɧɚɦɟɬɧɟ ɬɚɤɚɜ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨʁ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ʄɟ ɧɚʁɛɨʂɟ ɢɫɩɭɧɢɬɢ ɫɜɨʁɭ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɭ ɮɭɧɤɰɢʁɭ ɚɤɨ ɛɭɞɟ ɜɨɞɢɨ ɪɚɱɭɧɚ ɨ ɥɟɝɢɬɢɦɧɢɦ ɩɨɡɢɜɢɦɚ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɭ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɬɚɤɨɲɬɨʄɟɢɡɭɡɟɬɢɨɞ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɚ ɨɪɭɠʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɥɚɞɭɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɫɭɨɱɟɧɟ ɫɚ ɧɟɫɤɪɢɜʂɟɧɨɦɫɩɨʂʃɨɦɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɨɦɤɚɞɚɬɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɧɟɤɪɲɢɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɚ ɢɫɬɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɨ ɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɫɧɚɡɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɧɬɧɨ ɤɪɲɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɩɪɚɜɨɢɤɨʁɟɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɭɦɢɪɭ ɍ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɭʁɭʄɢ ɟɦɛɚɪɝɨ ɧɚ ɭɜɨɡ ɨɪɭɠʁɚ ɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨ ɭɫɤɪɚʄɭʁɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɢ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɋɚɜʁɟɬ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɚ ɧɟ ɩɨʁɟɞɢɧɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɬɪɟɛɚɞɚɪɟɚɝɭʁɟɞɚɛɢɢɫɩɪɚɜɢɨɧɚɫɬɚɥɭɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɭɍɤɨɥɢɤɨɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɬɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɧɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬ ɥɟɠɢ ɧɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɫɭɞɭ ɩɪɚɜɞɟ ɞɚ ɪʁɟɲɢ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦ ɭ ɩɪɚɜɧɨɦ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɤɭ ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɨɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɢɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɨ ɪʁɟɲɟʃɟ ɢ ɫɩɪɢʁɟɱɢɨ ɧɟɠɟʂɟɧɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟɩɨɨɫɧɨɜɧɟɫɭɛʁɟɤɬɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ Ʉɨɧɚɱɧɨ ɱɥɚɧ . ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɩɨɬɜɪɻɭʁɟ µɭɪɨɻɟɧɨ¶ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɥɨ ɭ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦ ɨɛɢɱɚʁɧɨɦ ɩɪɚɜɭ ɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɜɭɱɟ ɫɜɨʁɟ ɤɨɪɢʁɟɧɟ ɢɡ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɋɯɨɞɧɨ ɬɨɦɟ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭɫɢɥɭɭɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɝɞʁɟʁɟɬɨɧɭɠɧɨɢɧɚɩɪɨɩɨɪɰɢɨɧɚɥɚɧɧɚɱɢɧɞɚɛɢɫɟ ɨɞɛɪɚɧɢɥɟɨɞɧɟɫɤɪɢɜʂɟɧɢɯɧɚɩɚɞɚɢɥɢɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɢɫɢɥɨɦɚɞɚɬɢɦɟɧɟɤɪɲɟɧɨɪɦɟ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɩɪɚɜɚ ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɫɚɡɪɢʁɟɜɚ ɭ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɧɟ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɚ ɛɟɡ ɨɛɡɢɪɚ ɞɚ ɥɢ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ ɞɟɫɢɨ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɢ ɧɚɩɚɞ ɢɥɢ ɨɧ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɧɨ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɨʁɢ ɉɪɚɜɨ ɞɪɠɚɜɟ ɞɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢ ɨɪɭɠɚɧɭ ɫɢɥɭ ɭ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɢ 193 ɢɲɱɟɡɚɜɚɤɚɞɚɧɭɠɧɨɫɬɨɪɭɠɚɧɨɝɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɚɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢɲɬɨʁɟɫɥɭɱɚʁɤɚɞɚ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢµɩɪɟɞɭɡɢɦɚɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɟɦʁɟɪɟɞɚɛɢɫɟɨɞɪɠɚɨɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɦɢɪɢ ɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬ¶704 ɢɥɢɤɚɞɚ ɩɪɢʁɟɬʃɚɩɪɟɫɬɚɧɟɞɚɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɉɨɲɬɨ ɡɚɛɪɚɧɚ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɭ    ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍɇ-ɚ ɢɦɚ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ jus cogens ɧɨɪɦɟ ʃɟɧ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɦɟɧɬ ɬʁ ɩɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɧɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɫɢɥɟ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɦɚ ɬɚʁ ɫɬɚɬɭɫ Ʉɚɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɩɬɨɪɧɚ ɧɨɪɦɚ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɩɪɚɜɨɧɚɫɚɦɨɨɞɛɪɚɧɭɧɟɫɦɢʁɟɛɢɬɢɧɟɨɩɪɚɜɞɚɧɨɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ʁɟɪɛɢɬɨɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚɥɨɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɭɞɟɪɨɝɚɰɢʁɭjus cogens ɧɨɪɦɟ 704 ɑɥɚɧɉɨɜɟʂɟɍɇ-ɚ 194 ɂɁȼɈɊɂ Ɇɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɟɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟ Ɇɢɪɨɜɧɢɫɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɢɡȼɟɫɬɮɚɥɢʁɟ (Peace of Westphalia, 1648) ɏɚɲɤɟɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɢɡɢɝɨɞɢɧɟ (Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907) Ȼɪɚʁɚɧɨɜɢɭɝɨɜɨɪɢ (Bryan Arbitration Trɟaties, 1913) ȼɟɪɫɚʁɫɤɢɭɝɨɜɨɪ (Treaty of Versailles, 1919) ɉɚɤɬȾɪɭɲɬɜɚɧɚɪɨɞɚ (Covenant of the League of Nations, 1919) ɀɟɧɟɜɫɤɢɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦɢɪɧɨɦɪʁɟɲɚɜɚʃɭɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɯɫɩɨɪɨɜɚ (Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes, 1924) Ʌɨɤɚɪɧɨɩɚɤɬ (Locarno Treaties, 1925) ɋɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɄɟɥɨɝ-Ȼɪɢɚɧ (Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928) Ⱥɬɥɚɧɬɫɤɚɩɨɜɟʂɚ (Atlantic Charter, 1941) ɉɨɜɟʂɚɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ (Charter of the United Nations, 1945) Ⱥɤɬɢɡɑɚɩɭɥɬɟɩɟɤɚ (Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, 1947) ɀɟɧɟɜɫɤɚɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɨɡɚɲɬɢɬɢɝɪɚɻɚɧɫɤɢɯɥɢɰɚɡɚɜɪɢʁɟɦɟɪɚɬɚ ɀɟɧɟɜɫɤɚɤɨɧɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ(Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War / Fourth Geneva Convention, 1949) ɉɚɤɬɨɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɭɟɤɨɧɨɦɫɤɢɦɨɞɧɨɫɢɦɚɢɤɨɧɡɭɥɚɪɧɢɦ ɩɪɚɜɢɦɚɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɢɂɪɚɧɚ (ɌUHDW\ of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights between the United States and Iran, 1955) ɉɚɤɬɨɩɥɨɜɢɞɛɢɢɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢɢɡɦɟɻɭɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɢɂɪɚɧɚ (Treaty of Navigation and Commerce between United States and Iran, 1955) ɉɚɤɬɨɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɬɜɭɬɪɝɨɜɢɧɢɢɩɥɨɜɢɞɛɢ ɫɚɉɪɨɬɨɤɨɥɨɦ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯȺɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚɢɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ(Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (with Protocol) between the United States of America and Nicaragua, 1956) ɋɩɨɪɚɡɭɦɨɧɟɲɢɪɟʃɭɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɨɪɭɠʁɚ (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, 1970) ii Ɋɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ: S/Res/47/1948: ɋɩɨɪɢɡɦɟɻɭɂɧɞɢʁɟɢɉɚɤɢɫɬɚɧɚ ɚɩɪɢɥ ȰRes/82/1950: ɉɪɢɬɭɠɛɚɧɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɄɨɪɟʁɟ ʁɭɧɢ ȰRes /83/1950: ɉɪɢɬɭɠɛɚɧɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɭɩɪɨɬɢɜɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɄɨɪɟʁɟ ʁɭɧɢ S/Res/164/1961: ɉɪɢɬɭɠɛɚɌɭɧɢɡɢʁɟ ʁɭɥɢ S/Res/181/1963: ɉɢɬɚʃɚɜɟɡɚɧɚɡɚɩɨɥɢɬɢɤɭɚɩɚɪɬɯɟʁɞɚȼɥɚɞɟ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ S/Res/188/1964: ɉɪɢɬɭɠɛɚȳɟɦɟɧɚ ɚɩɪɢɥ S/Res/233/1967: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭ ʁɭɧɢ S/Res/234/1967: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭ ʁɭɧɢ S/Res/235/1967: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭ ʁɭɧɢ S/Res/236/1967: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭ ʁɭɧɢ S/Res/242/1967: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/338/1973: ɉɪɟɤɢɞɜɚɬɪɟɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/418/1977: ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ ȰRes/487/1981: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɡɪɚɟɥ ʁɭɧɢ ȰRes/502/1982: Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɚ Ɇɚɥɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɚɩɪɢɥ S/Res/505/1982: Ɏɨɤɥɚɧɞɫɤɚ Ɇɚɥɜɢɧɫɤɚ ɨɫɬɪɜɚ ɦɚʁ S/Res/514/1982: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ʁɭɥɢ S/Res/522/1982: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/527/1982: Ʌɟɫɨɬɨ-ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/540/1983: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/546/1984: Ⱥɧɝɨɥɚ-ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ʁɚɧɭɚɪ S/Res/568/1985: Ȼɨɰɜɚɧɚ-ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ʁɭɧɢ S/Res/573/1985: ɂɡɪɚɟɥ-Ɍɭɧɢɫ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/582/1986: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ S/Res/588/1986: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/598/1987: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ʁɭɥɢ S/Res/612/1988: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ɦɚʁ iii S/Res/619/1988: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ S/Res/620/1988: ɂɪɚɤ-ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɂɪɚɧ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ S/Res/660/1990: ɂɪɚɤ-Ʉɭɜɚʁɬ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ S/Res/661/1990: ɂɪɚɤ-Ʉɭɜɚʁɬ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ S/Res/665/1990: ɂɪɚɤ-Ʉɭɜɚʁɬ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ S/Res/678/1990: ɂɪɚɤ-Ʉɭɜɚʁɬ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/713/1991: ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚɎɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ  ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/727/1992: ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚɎɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ  ʁɚɧɭɚɪ S/Res/731/1992: ɅɢɛɢʁɫɤɚȺɪɚɩɫɤɚȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɚ ʁɚɧɭɚɪ S/Res/733/1992: ɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɚ ʁɚɧɭɚɪ S/Res/748/1992: ɅɢɛɢʁɫɤɚȺɪɚɩɫɤɚȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɚ ɦɚɪɬ S/Res/787/1992: Ȼɨɫɧɚɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɚ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/788/1992: Ʌɢɛɟɪɢʁɚ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/918/1994: Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ ɦɚʁ S/Res/919/1994: ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɦɚʁ S/Res/1011/1995: Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ ɚɜɝɭɫɬ S/Res/1021/1995: ɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɚɎɟɞɟɪɚɬɢɜɧɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɚ  ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/1052/1996: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɧɚȻɥɢɫɤɨɦɢɫɬɨɤɭ ɚɩɪɢɥ S/Res/1132/1997: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/1171/1998: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭɋɢʁɟɪɚɅɟɨɧɟɭ ʁɭɧɢ S/Res/1267/1999: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ ȰRes/1298/2000: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟɢȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ɦɚʁ ȰRes//1312/2000: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟɢȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ʁɭɥɢ S/Res/1343/2001: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭɅɢɛɟɪɢʁɢ ɦɚɪɬ S/Res/1368/2001: ɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/1373/2001: ɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ iv S/Res/1377/2001: ɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/1408/2002: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭɅɢɛɟɪɢʁɢ ɦɚʁ S/Res/1438/2002: ɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/1456/2003: ɋʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɜɢɫɨɤɨɝɧɢɜɨɚɩɨɫɜɟʄɟɧɚ ɛɨɪɛɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɟɪɨɪɢɡɦɚ ʁɚɧɭɚɪ S/Res/1510/2003: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/1530/2004: ɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɦɚɪɬ S/Res/1589/2005: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭ ɦɚɪɬ S/Res/1659/2006: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ S/Res/1695/2006: ɉɢɫɦɨɨɞʁɭɥɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɭɩɭʄɟɧɨɨɞɫɬɚɥɧɨɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɧɢɤɚȳɚɩɚɧɚɭɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɦɧɚɰɢʁɚɦɚɉɪɟɞɫʁɟɞɧɢɤɭ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ (S  ʁɭɥɢ S/Res/1707/2006: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭȺɮɝɚɧɢɫɬɚɧɭ ɫɟɩɬɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/1718/2006: ɇɟɲɢɪɟʃɟɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚȾɟɦɨɤɪɚɬɫɤɚɇɚɪɨɞɧɚ ɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚɄɨɪɟʁɚ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ S/Res/1735/2006: ɉɪɢʁɟɬʃɟɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɦɦɢɪɭɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɧɟ ɬɟɪɨɪɢɫɬɢɱɤɢɦɚɤɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ S/Res/1744/2007: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭɋɨɦɚɥɢʁɢ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ ȰRes/1827/2008: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɢɡɦɟɻɭȿɪɢɬɪɟʁɟɢȿɬɢɨɩɢʁɟ ʁɭɥɢ ȰRes /1970/2011: ɆɢɪɢɛɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɭȺɮɪɢɰɢ ɮɟɛɪɭɚɪ ȰRes/1973/2011: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭɅɢɛɢʁɢ ɦɚɪɬ v ɊɟɡɨɥɭɰɢʁɟȽɟɧɟɪɚɥɧɟɫɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ: A/RES/378(V): Ⱦɭɠɧɨɫɬɢɞɪɠɚɜɚɭɫɥɭɱɚʁɭɢɡɛɢʁɚʃɚɫɭɤɨɛɚ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ A/RES/1761(XVII): ɉɨɥɢɬɢɤɚ ɚɩɚɪɬɯɟʁɞɚ ȼɥɚɞɟ ȳɭɠɧɨɚɮɪɢɱɤɟ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟ (6. ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ A/RES/2625(XXV): Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɚɨɩɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɦɚɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚɩɨɩɢɬɚʃɭ ɩɪɢʁɚɬɟʂɫɤɢɯ ɨɞɨɫɚ ɢ ɫɚɪɚɞʃɟ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɭ ɫɤɥɚɞɭ ɫɚ ɉɨɜɟʂɨɦɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯɧɚɰɢʁɚ ɨɤɬɨɛɚɪ A/RES/3314(XX): Ⱦɟɮɢɧɢɰɢʁɚɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟ(ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ1974) A/RES/36/103: Ⱦɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɚɨɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɜɨɫɬɢɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɟɢɦɢʁɟɲɚʃɚɭ ɭɧɭɬɪɚɲʃɚɩɢɬɚʃɚɞɪɠɚɜɚ(ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ1981) A/RES/36/172(C): ȺɤɬɚɝɪɟɫɢʁɟɪɟɠɢɦɚɚɩɚɪɬɯɟʁɞɚɩɪɨɬɢɜȺɧɝɨɥɟɢɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɚɮɪɢɱɤɢɯɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɧɢɯɞɪɠɚɜɚ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ A/RES/41/31: ɉɪɟɫɭɞɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɨɞʁɭɧɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭɜɨʁɧɢɯɢɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɢɯɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢɢɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ A/RES/41/38: ȾɟɤɥɚɪɚɰɢʁɚɋɤɭɩɲɬɢɧɟɲɟɮɨɜɚɞɪɠɚɜɚɢɜɥɚɞɚɈɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ Ⱥɮɪɢɱɤɨɝʁɟɞɢɧɫɬɜɚɨɜɚɡɞɭɲɧɢɦɢɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɢɦɨɪɭɠɚɧɢɦ ɧɚɩɚɞɢɦɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɋɨɰɢʁɚɥɢɫɬɢɱɤɟɇɚɪɨɞɧɟɅɢɛɢʁɫɤɟȺɪɚɩɫɤɟ ȹɚɦɚɯɢɪɢʁɟɨɞɫɬɪɚɧɟɬɪɟɧɭɬɧɟɚɞɦɢɧɢɫɬɪɚɰɢʁɟɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚɭɚɩɪɢɥɭɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ A/RES/42/18: ɉɪɟɫɭɞɚɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟɨɞʁɭɧɚɝɨɞɢɧɟɨ ɩɢɬɚʃɭɜɨʁɧɢɯɢɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɢɯɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢɢɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɧɨɜɟɦɛɚɪ A/RES/47/121: ɋɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɭȻɨɫɧɢɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ A/RES/ES-10/14: ɇɟɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɟɢɡɪɚɟɥɫɤɟɚɤɰɢʁɟɭɈɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɨɦɂɫɬɨɱɧɨɦ ȳɟɪɭɫɚɥɢɦɭɢɧɚɨɫɬɚɬɤɭɈɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɟɉɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɟɌɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɟ ɞɟɰɟɦɛɚɪ vi ɈɞɥɭɤɟɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɫɭɞɚɩɪɚɜɞɟ Ʉɪɮɫɤɢɤɚɧɚɥ ȼɟɥɢɤɚȻɪɢɬɚɧɢʁɟɩɪɨɬɢɜȺɥɛɚɧɢʁɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɭɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ   Corfu Channel (United Kingdom v Albania) merits (1949) ICJ Reports 4 ȼɨʁɧɟɢɩɚɪɚɜɨʁɧɟɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɧɚɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱥɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ  ɬɭɠɛɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɭ   ɨɞɥɭɤɚɭɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ   Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v United States of America), application instituting proceedings and counter-memorial of the United States (1984) merits (1986) ICJ Reports 14 ɋɩɨɪ ɨɤɨ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɟ ɨɫɬɪɜɫɤɟ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɟ ɋɚɥɜɚɞɨɪ ɏɨɧɞɭɪɚɫ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚɇɢɤɚɪɚɝɜɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚɭɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ   Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute (El Salvador / Honduras: Nicaragua intervening), merits (1992) ICJ Reports 351 Ɂɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟɧɭɤɥɟɚɪɧɨɝɧɚɨɪɭɠɚʃɚɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ   Legality of the Use of Nuclear Weapons, advisory opinion (1996) ICJ Reports 226 ɋɥɭɱɚʁȽɚɛɱɢɤɨɜɨ– ɇɚɝɢɦɚɪɨɫɩɪɨʁɟɤɬɚ Ɇɚɻɚɪɫɤɚɩɪɨɬɢɜɋɥɨɜɚɱɤɟ ɨɞɥɭɤɚ ɭɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ   Case Concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v Slovakia) merits (1997) ICJ Reports 3 Ʉɨɩɧɟɧɚ ɢ ɩɨɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɚɢɡɦɟɻɭɄɚɦɟɪɭɧɚ ɢɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ Ʉɚɦɟɪɭɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɇɢɝɟɪɢʁɟ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɟɧɰɢʁɚ ȿɤɜɚɬɨɪɢʁɚɥɧɟ Ƚɜɢɧɟʁɟ  ɬɭɠɛɚ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɨɪ ɧɚ ɬɭɠɛɭ  ɨɞɥɭɤɚɭɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ   Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon v Nigeria: Equitorial Guinea intervening), application instituting proceedings, counter-memorial (1999) merits (2002) ICJ Reports 9 vii ɋɥɭɱɚʁ ɧɚɮɬɧɢɯ ɩɥɚɬɮɨɪɦɢ ɂɫɥɚɦɫɤɚ Ɋɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɚ ɂɪɚɧ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ȺɦɟɪɢɱɤɢɯȾɪɠɚɜɚ ɬɭɠɛɚɨɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɚɬɭɠɛɭɢɩɪɨɬɢɜɬɭɠɛɚ  ɨɞɥɭɤɚɭ ɦɟɪɢɬɭɦɭ   Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America), application instituting proceedings, counter-memorial and counterclaim (1997), merits (2003) ICJ Reports 161 ɉɪɚɜɧɟ ɩɨɫʂɟɞɢɰɟ ɢɡɝɪɚɞʃɟ ɡɢɞɚ ɧɚ Ɉɤɭɩɢɪɚɧɨʁ ɩɚɥɟɫɬɢɧɫɤɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɫɚɜʁɟɬɨɞɚɜɧɨɦɢɲʂɟʃɟ   Legal Consequences of the 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ÄɆɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɢɬɪɢɛɭɧɚɥɡɚɛɢɜɲɭȳɭɝɨɫɥɚɜɢʁɭɤɚɨɩɪɟɫɟɞɚɧ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɨɝɤɪɢɜɢɱɧɨɝɩɪɚɜɚ³ɋɪɩɫɤɚɩɪɚɜɧɚɦɢɫɚɨ ɑɚɫɨɩɢɫɡɚɩɪɚɜɧɭ ɬɟɨɪɢʁɭɢɩɪɚɤɫɭ ɛɪɨʁ-ɢɡɝɨɞɢɧɟ-204; 2. ÄɈɞɝɨɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɰɢɜɢɥɚɡɚɪɚɬɧɟɡɥɨɱɢɧɟɭɫɭɻɟʃɢɦɚɧɚɤɨɧɫɜʁɟɬɫɤɨɝɪɚɬɚ³ ɛɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɉɪɚɜɧɨɝɮɚɤɭɥɬɟɬɚɄɨɥɭɦɛɢʁɚɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɚDiamond Law LibraryȵɭʁɨɪɤɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟȾɪɠɚɜɟ 3. „ɉɪɚɜɨ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩ ɫɭɞɭ, ɭɩɨɪɟɞɧɚ ɫɬɭɞɢʁɚ ɢɡɦɟɻɭ ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɚ ɢ ɡɟɦɚʂɚ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɟ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ“ ɨɞɛɪɚʃɟɧo ɫɚ ɨɞɥɢɤɨɦ ɩɪɟɞ ɤɨɦɢɫɢʁɨɦ ɡɚ ɧɨɫɬɪɢɮɢɤɚɰɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɍɧɢɜɟɪɡɢɬɟɬɭ Ȼɚʃɚ Ʌɭɤɚ, ɦɚʁ 2008. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ 4. „Ɋɟɩɟɪɬɨɚɪ ɩɪɚɤɫɟ ɋɚɜʁɟɬɚ Ȼɟɡɛʁɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɞ ɩɪɢɦʁɟɧɟ ɱɥɚɧɚ 51. ɉɨɜɟʂɟ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɇɚɰɢʁɚ“ Security Council repertoire,12th Supplement,1993-1995; Ȼɢɛɥɢɨɬɟɤɚ ɋɟɤɪɟɬɚɪɢʁɚɬɚ ɍʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɢɯ ɇɚɰɢʁɚ,ȵɭʁɨɪɤ, ɋʁɟɞɢʃɟɧɟ Ⱦɪɠɚɜɟ 5. „Ȼɨɫɧɚ ɢ Ɋɭɚɧɞɚ, ɢɫɬɨɪɢʁɫɤɨ ɢ ɩɪɚɜɧɨ ɩɨɪɟɻɟʃɟ ɬɪɚɝɟɞɢʁɟ“ Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, ʁɭɧɢ 2005. ɝɨɞɢɧɟ, ɨɛʁɚɜʂɟɧ ɢ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɬɚɥɭ www.jurisafrica.ɨUJ 6. ÄȾɢɫɤɪɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɚɭȻɨɫɧɢɢɏɟɪɰɟɝɨɜɢɧɢɭɩɨɪɚɫɬɭ³Ȼɢɥɬɟɧɂɧɫɬɢɬɭɰɢʁɟ ɨɦɛɭɞɫɦɟɧɚɡɚʂɭɞɫɤɚɩɪɚɜɚɊɟɩɭɛɥɢɤɟɆɚɤɟɞɨɧɢʁɟɦɚʁɛɪ